in Extra-Tropical Countries. 77 



smaller, but sweeter than the European; they are largely used for 

 fattening hogs (Robb). Rate of stern-growth in Nebraska, 24 inches 

 in 14 years, diametrically (Furnas). 



Castanopsis argentea, A. de Candolle. 



A lofty tree in the mountains of India, produces also edible chest- 

 nuts. Other species of the genus Castanopsis are valuable, thus 

 according to the Rev. B. C. Henry the nuts of the Chinese C. jucunda 

 (Hance) are edible. 



Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. de Candolle. 



The Oak-Chestnut of California and Oregon. A tree, attaining a 

 height of 150 feet and 8 feet in stem-diameter. Either for beauty or 

 utility worthy of cultivation (Dr. Gibbons). The leaves are golden- 

 yellow underneath. Wood durable, highly prized by joiners, wheel- 

 wrights and even shipbuilders (Dr. Kellogg). 



Castanopsis Indica, A. de Candolle. 



Mountains of India, at about 4,000 feet. This Oak-Chestnut pro- 

 duces seeds with the taste of filberts. 



Casuarina Decaisneana, F. v. Mueller. 



Central Australia, where it is the only species of the genus. The 

 tree is one of the largest among its congeners, and particularly valu- 

 able for arid sandy regions. The wood is exceedingly hard, and resists 

 the attacks of termites and also decay; the stem-wood is straight and 

 easily fissile (Rev. H. Kempe). Dromedaries delight in getting the 

 branchlets of this tree for food (E. Giles). 



Casuarina distyla, Ventenat. 



Extra-tropical Australia. A shrubby species, well adapted for 

 fixing the sand-drifts of sea-coasts. All Casuarinas can be pollarded 

 for cattle-fodder. 



Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster. (C. Htorea, Rumph.) 



Eastern Africa, Southern Asia, tropical and sub-tropical Australia, 

 Polynesia. Attains a maximum height of 150 feet. Splendid for 

 fuel, giving great heat and leaving little ashes. The timber is tough, 

 nicely marked. The tree will live in somewhat saline soil at the 

 edge of the sea. Colonel Campbell- Walker estimates the yield of 

 firewood from this tree as four times as great as the return from any 

 tree of the forests of France. Known to have grown in 10 years to 

 a height of 80 feet, but then only with a comparatively slender stem 

 (Blechyndon). In India the wood is much used as fuel for railway- 

 locomotives ; the tree is there also extensively employed, to reclaim 

 sand-land of the coast, it succeeding in growth down to high water- 

 mark, throwing often out decumbent branches, which develop roots, 

 further to fix the sand and to throw up independent shoots (Dr. Bidie). 

 It yields a lasting wood for piles of jetties and for underground-work, 

 and is much used for knees of boats and for tool-handles (Wilcox). 

 The cost of raising Casuarinas in India has been from 4 to 10 per 

 acre, and the return, after only eight years, 13 to 32. 



