in Extra-Tropical Countries. 89 



Cinchona micrantha, Ruiz and Pavon. 



Cordilleras of Bolivia and Peru. This tree attains a height of 60 

 feet, and from it part of the Grey and Huanuco-Bark as well as Lima- 

 Bark are obtained. It is comparatively rich in cinchonin and quinidin, 

 contains however also quinin. 



Cinchona nitida, Ruiz and Pavon. 



Andes of Peru and Ecuador. This tree rises to 80 feet under 

 favorable circumstances. It also yields Grey Bark and Huanuco- 

 Bark, besides Loxa-Bark. It will probably prove one of the hardiest 

 species.. It contains predominantly cinchonin and quinidin. 



Cinchona officinalis, Linn4 (partly).* (Cinchona Condaminea? Humboldt.) 



Andes of New Granada, Ecuador and Peru, at a height of 6,000 

 to 10,000 feet. Yields Crown- or Brown Peru-bark, besides part of 

 the Loxa-bark. Comparatively rich in quiniu and cinchonidin. 

 The temperature of the middle regions of the Andes, where this tree 

 grows, is almost the same as that of the Canary-Islands. Super- 

 abundance of moisture is particularly pernicious to this species. The 

 hardiest of all cultivated kinds. The Crispilla-variety endures a 

 temperature occasionally as low as 27 F. 



Cinchona lancifolia (Mutis) is considered by Weddell a variety of 

 C. officinalis. This grows, where the mean annual temperature 

 is that of Rome, with however less extremes of heat and cold. 

 It yields part of the Pitaya-Bark. 



Cinchona Pitayensis must also be referred to C. officinalis as a 

 variety. This attains a height of 60 feet and furnishes also a 

 portion of the Pitaya-bark. It is this particular cinchona, which 

 in Upper India yielded in some instances the unprecedented 

 quantity of 11 per cent, alkaloids, nearly 6 per cent, quinin, the 

 rest quinidin and cinchonin; this plant is now annihilated for 

 bark-purposes in its native forests. 



Cinchonas raised from seeds, provided by the writer of this work, 

 have withstood the slight frosts at San Francisco (G. P. Rixford). 



The Uritusinga- or Loxa-variety grows in its native forests to a 

 height of 60 feet and more (Pavon), and attained in Ceylon in fifteen 

 years a height of 28 feet with a stem-girth of nearly 2 feet. The 

 price of its bark in 1879 was about 7s. per pound, and of renewed 

 bark lls. Mr. Mclvor obtained 6,850 cuttings from one imported 

 plant in twenty months; but all Cinchonas produce seeds copiously, 

 so that the raising of great numbers of plants can be effected with 

 remarkable facility. The bark has yielded 7*4 to 10*0 per cent, 

 sulphate of quinin (Howard). 



In Java some of the best results were obtained with Cinchona 

 Hasskarliana, Miq., a species seemingly as yet not critically identified. 

 Cinchona-seeds do not long retain their vitality; but as they are so 

 very light, no difficulty exists in sending them speedily even to widely 

 distant places. 



G2 



