in Extra- Tropical Countries. 91 



as much as 8 per cent, of alkaloids (see Gardeners' Chronicle, 1877, 

 p. 212). The income from Java-plantations is considerably over 

 double the cost of the expenses of culture and transit. Mr. Howard's 

 opinion, that cinchonas in lowland-plantations produce a far less 

 quantity of alkaloids, needs further confirmation, particularly re- 

 garding the valuable quiuin and cinchonidin ; probably however 

 geologic conditions have in all instances to be taken into account. 



Young Cinchona-plants are set out at distances of about 6 feet. 

 The harvest of bark begins in the fourth or fifth year. The price 

 varies in Europe from 2s. to 9s. per lb., according to quality. The 

 limits assigned to this literary compilation do not admit of entering 

 further into details on this occasion ; but I may add, that in the 

 Darjeeling-district over three millions of Cinchona-plants were already 

 in cultivation during 1869 in Government-plantations. Cultivation 

 of Cinchona for commercial purposes was first initiated in Java 

 through Dr. Hasskarl in 1851. In 1880, 240,000 Ibs. of bark were 

 already exported from this island. The British harvest in the 

 Madras Presidency alone amounted to 150,000 Ibs. in 1875. Surgeon- 

 Major Dr. G.King reports in 1880, that four million trees of Cinchona 

 succirubra are now under his control in the Sikkim-plantations. This 

 has proved the hardiest species ; it grows under a wide range of 

 conditions, and seeds freely; thus it is the most valuable Cinchona in 

 the elevations of Sikkim. In the Neilgherries more than 600,000 

 Cinchona plants were distributed from the Government-plantations in 

 1879, and 1,322 Ibs. of seed (Barlow); from 80,000 to 250,000 

 seedlings being obtainable from one pound of sound seed, as almost 

 every grain will grow. All its varieties produce bark of great value. 

 The total amount of alkaloids is at an average 4 per cent. If the 

 trees were cut every seven or eight years and simultaneous re-planting 

 should take place, Dr. King could keep up an annual supply of 

 366,000 Ibs. of bark. In 1883 there were as many as 128 millions of 

 plants under cultivation in British India, of which 22 millions were 

 two years old. The importations of Cinchona-bark into the United 

 Kingdom in 1884 amounted to 106,000 cwt,, of the value of 907,000; 

 in 1882 the quantity was 139,000 cwt. and the cost 1,781,000. 

 The total number of deaths of the Indian population from fever is 

 considered to approach a million and a half annually. 



Cinna arundinacea, Linn. 



North-America. There recorded as a good fodder-grass ; peren- 

 nial, somewhat sweet-scented. Particularly adapted for forest- 

 meadows. Blyttia suaveolens (Fries) is, according to Dr. Asa Gray, 

 a variety with pendent flowers. 



Cinnamomum Camphora, Fr. Nees.* 



The Camphor-tree of China and Japan, north to Kinsin, attaining a 

 height of about 40 feet. It endures the occasional frosts of a clime 

 like that of Port Phillip, though the foliage will suffer. The wood, 

 like all other parts of the tree, is pervaded by camphor, hence resists 



