in Extra-Tropical Countries. 93 



perfume from orange-flowers, and it has become classical as the best, 

 and analogous to that of Hymethus (Laura Redden). As prominent 

 varieties of C. Aurantium the following may be distinguished : 



Citrus Bergamium, Risso. From the fruit-rind of this variety 

 Bergamotte-oil is obtained; the flowers also yield oil. The 

 Mellarosa-variety furnishes a superior oil and exquisite con- 

 fitures. 



Citrus Bigaradia, Duhamel. The 'Bitter Orange. This furnishes 

 from its flowers the Neroli-oil, so delicious and costly as a per- 

 fume. It is stated, that orange-flowers to the value of 50 

 might be gathered from the plants of an acre within a year. 

 The rind of the fruit is used for candied orange-peel. Bitter 

 principle: hesperidin in the rind, limonin in the seeds. 



Citrus decumana, Linne. The Shaddock or Pompelmos. The 

 fruit will exceptionally attain a weight of 20 pounds. The pulp 

 and thick rind can both be used for preserves. 



Citrus dulcis, Volkamer. The Sweet Orange, of which many 

 kinds occur. The St. Michael Orange has been known to bear 

 in the Azores on sheltered places 20,000 fruits on one tree in 

 a year. Navel-oranges, weighing 19 ounces, have been obtained 

 at Rockhampton ; other varieties have been known to reach 

 3 pounds (Thozet). Neroli-oil is also obtained from the flowers 

 of this and closely allied varieties. The oil of orange-peel might 

 be used as a cheap and pleasant one in the distillation of costly 

 odorous substances. 



Citrus nobilis, Loureiro. The Mandarin-Orange. The thin peel 

 separates most readily from the deliciously flavored sweet pulp. 

 There are large and small fruited Mandarin-oranges; the Tan- 

 gerine-variety is one of them. Some varieties are excellent for 

 hedges, for which they are much used in Japan. Burnt earth is 

 valuable as an admixture to soil in orangeries. On the high 

 authority of Dr. Piesse it may be stated, that recently rather more 

 than 1 millions pounds weight of orange-flowers were gathered 

 annually for perfumery-purposes merely at Nice and Cannes. 



Citrus Australasica, F. v. Mueller. 



Coast-forests of extra-tropical Eastern Australia. A shrubby 

 species, with oblong or almost cylindrical fruits of lemon-like taste, 

 measuring 2 to 4 inches in length. They are thus very much larger 

 than those of Atalantia glauca of the eastern desert-interior of tropic 

 Australia, but both are of similar taste. These plants are entered on 

 this list, together with C. Planchoni, merely to draw attention to 

 them as probably capable of improvement in their fruit through 

 culture. 



Citrus Japonica, Thunberg.* 



The Kumquat of Japan. A shrubby Citrus with fruits of the size 

 of a gooseberry, from which on account of their sweet peel and acid 

 pulp an excellent preserve can be prepared. 



