in Extra-Tropical Countries. 205 



Lupinus Douglasii, Agardh. 



Oregon and California. Hardy in Norway to lat. 67 56'. This 

 somewhat woody species can be used for binding sand with L. 

 Chamissonis, Escholtz (L. albifrons, Bentham) and many perennial 

 lupines from other countries. 



Lupinus luteus, Linn.* 



The Scented Yellow Lupine. Countries in the vicinity of the 

 Mediterranean Sea. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 70 (Schuebeler). 

 This annual species is predominantly in use as green manure through 

 Middle Europe, to improve sandy soil; it is the best of all yet tested, 

 and will do even on coast-drifts. It can also be employed like some 

 other lupines as a fodder-herb, green as well as for hay; some lupines 

 are also very valuable as pasture-herbs. Lupine-seeds are very 

 fattening, when used as an addition to ordinary fodder, and are in this 

 respect quite equal to oil-cake, while the foliage is said to be not 

 inferior to that of clover and more bulky. Nevertheless some lupines 

 have proved poisonous to sheep. About 90 Ibs. of seeds are required 

 for an acre. Langethal observes: " What the Sainfoin does for the 

 poorest limestone or marly soil, that the Yellow Lupine carries out 

 for sand-land." Lupines are not adapted for wet or moory ground, 

 nor for limestone-formations, where most other leguminous fodder- 

 plants do well. Mr. Joseph Augustin speaks of a yellow-flowering 

 lupine which sometimes in the Azores attains a height of 12 feet in 

 three months. 



Lupinus varius, Linn. 



The Blue Lupine. Also a Mediterranean annual, used .like the 

 above species 5 but a few others are under cultivation as Blue 

 Lupines. Some of the American, particularly Calif ornian species, 

 are regarded even as superior to the Mediterranean kinds for agrarian 

 purposes. 



Lycium Afrum, Linn4. 



Africa and South-Western Asia. "The Caffir-Thorn." Can 

 with many other species be utilized as a hedge-bush. It is ever- 

 green, fiercely spiny, easily raised from seeds, readily transplanted, 

 quick in growth, stands clipping well, seeds freely, is strong enough 

 to resist cattle and close enough to keep off fowls. l^lbs. of seeds at 

 a cost of 30 shillings suffices for a mile of hedging (Th. Lang). 



Lycium barbarum, Linn4. 



Northern Africa and South- Western Asia. The most common 

 kind grown in Europe for hedges. Is content with poor soil. 



Lycium Europseum, Linn<$. 



Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. Hardy in Norway to 

 lat. 67 56'. An excellent hedge-plant, particularly in sand-land, but 

 emitting copious offshoots (C. Bouche). An allied congener is L. 

 flaccidum (Moench). 



