in Extra-Tropical Countries. 269 



tons oil of turpentine, value 560,000, and 73,500 tons resin, value 

 370,000; by far the greatest portion of these two articles came from 

 the United States, where P. Australia would yield a large share. In 

 1883 the value of oil of turpentine from the United States to Britain 

 was 533,000, and of resin 386,000. A solution of this oil in 

 alcohol is known as camphin. The turpentine is obtained by 

 removing in spring and summer stripes of bark by chipping and col- 

 lecting the effluence into appropriate boxes particularly applied. The 

 first yield is the best ; in the fourth year the tree becomes exhausted 

 (Prof. C. Mohr). The average annual yield during this time is 20 

 Ibs. Porcher observes, that the tree shoots up devoid of branches for 

 sometimes as much as 60 feet, and he calls it "one of the greatest 

 gifts of God to man/' The tree prevails, according to C. Mohr, 

 where the silicons constituents of the drift-soil mingle with the out- 

 crops of tertiary strata, and he observes, that forests of this pine 

 cause grateful showers with wonderful regularity through all seasons. 

 The emanations from pines, particularly the very resinous species, 

 are antimalarian and antiseptic, as proved by residences near pine- 

 forests, and by the use of hospital buildings constructed by pine- 

 wood. 



Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. (P. Loudoniana, Gordon.) 



In Mexico, at an elevation of 8,000 to 12,000 feet. An excellent 

 pine, to 150 feet high, with a stem- diameter of three to four feet. 

 It has the habit of P. excelsa, and is equal to it in its own line 

 of beauty (Beecher) and in hardiness, yielding a much esteemed 

 white or reddis^i timber. Its cones are among the very largest, 

 measuring as much as 15 J inches in length (Sir J. Hooker), Fur- 

 nishes a fragrant balsamic turpentine and resin, the latter used as 

 incense (O. Finck). 



Pinus Balfouriana, Jeffrey. (P. aristata, Engelmann.) 



The " Fox-tail or Hickory -Pine." California to Colorado, up to 

 12,000 feet elevation. Height reaching 100 feet ; trunk-diameter 

 reaching 5 feet. Wood close-grained, tough, very strong (Sargent). 



Pinus balsamea, Linne". 



" Balsam-Fir, Balm of Gilead-Fir." Canada, Nova Scotia, south 

 to New England, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. An elegant tree, to 

 40 feet high, which with Pinus Fraseri yields Canada-balsam (Bal- 

 sam of Firs), the well-known oleo-resin. The timber is light, pale, 

 soft and useful for furniture and implements. The wood is also of 

 very particular value for superior violins (Dr. R. Tannasch). Rate of 

 circumferential stem-growth in Nebraska 26 inches at 2 feet from the 

 ground in 12 years (Governor Furnas). The tree does not attain a 

 very great age. Sends a pleasant odor through the forest, regarded as 

 salubrious, to especially phthisic patients, a remark which applies to 

 many other pines. It thrives best in cold swampy places. Eligible 

 for alpine regions; in Norway it is hardy to lat. 63 26'. 



