in Extra-Tropical Countries. 273 



of over 200 feet without a branch. A densely wooded forest wilt 

 contain about 3G full-grown trees to an acre. The timber is fine and 

 clear-grained, heavy, strong, soft, and hence easily worked, yet firm 

 and solid, splendid for masts and spars, ships' planks and piles; also 

 valuable for flooring, being for that purpose regarded as the best of 

 California (Bolander). It will bear a tension of 3 to 1 as compared 

 with the Sequoias. It is the strongest wood on the North -Pacific 

 coast, both in resisting horizontal strain and perpendicular pressure. 

 Sub-alpine localities should be extensively planted with this famous 

 tree. It requires deep and rich soil, but likes shelter; its growth is as 

 rapid as that of the larch; it passes in various localities as Black and 

 Red Spruce. Both in clayey and light soil it attains 50 feet in about 

 eighteen years; it requires however a moist forest-clime for rapid 

 growth. 



Pinus edulis, Engelmann. 



New Mexico. A pine, not tall, but very resinous. Wood easily 

 split. One of the best for fuel (Meehan). It yields the " Pino "- 

 nuts, which are produced in immense quantities and are of very 

 pleasant flavor (Sargent). Closely cognate to P. monophylla. 



Pinus excelsa, Hamilton.* 



The Lofty- or Bootan-Pine. Himalaya, forming large forests, at 

 from 5,000 to 12,500 feet elevation; also in Macedonia and Monte- 

 negro. A fine tree, at length about 150 feet high, furnishing a valu- 

 able, close-grained, soft and easily workable wood, ranking among 

 Himalayan pine-woods for durability next to Deodar-timber (Stewart 

 and Brandis); the wood is also highly recommended for patterns in 

 foundries, further for levelling-staves and cot-planks (Watson). This 

 pine also furnishes a good quantity of turpentine. Under cultivation 

 it shrinks before a fierce summer-sun (Beecher); but will bear the 

 winter of Christiania (Schuebeler). Cones often 15 inches long 

 (Sir J. Hooker). This tree produces seeds early and copiously; 

 disseminates itself easily even on steep bare declivities (Brandis). 



Pinus firma, Antoine. 



Northern Japan, at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea-level in 

 humid valleys. A lofty tree of the habit of the Silver-Fir. The 

 timber is pale, soft and fine-grained, employed particularly by 

 coopers and upholsterers. 



Pinus flexilis, James. 



The White Pine of the Rocky Mountains, also known as the BulL- 

 Pine. From New Mexico to British Columbia, ascending to 13,000 

 feet. Prefers the limestone-formation. A valuable fir for cold 

 regions. It attains a height of 150 feet, according to Dr. Gibbons, 

 but Mr. J. Hoopes states, that it is of slow growth. Wood pale, soft 

 and compact, of fine texture, according to Prof. Sargent intermedi- 

 ate between that of P. Strobus and P. Lambertiana. Dr. Gr. Dawson 

 noted, that the seeds afford food to the autochthones. 



