in Extra-Tropical Countries. 279 



but occasionally as much as 80 feet; stem not of great thickness. 

 This species is not of quick growth. Wood pale, soft, very resinous, 

 much used for charcoal. 



Pinus montana, Du Roi. (P. pumilio, Hsenke.) 



On the Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, also in Greece, up to the 

 highest points of woody vegetation, covering large tracts, and thriving 

 on the poorest soil. In Norway it will live to lat. 70 4' (Schuebeler). 

 This pine grows to about 25 feet height, but in favorable localities 

 to 50; it yields much oil of turpentine. The wood is used largely 

 for carving. Only available to advantage for highlands. The oil, 

 distilled from the foliage of this and many other pines is a safe anthel- 

 mintic (Dr. H. Pinkney). 



Pinus Montezumae, Lambert. (P. Devoniana, Lindley; P. Grenvillece, 

 Gordon. ) 



Mexico. A handsome pine, to 80 feet high; wood pale, soft and 

 resinous. Cone attaining a length of 15 inches (Dr. Masters). 



Pinus monticola, Douglas. 



From British Columbia to California, at an elevation of 7,000 feet. 

 This pine thrives best in poor soil of granite-formation, and attains a 

 height of about 200 feet, with a stem often 7 feet thick. The wood 

 is pale, close-grained, similar to that of P. Strobus. Dr. Gibbons 

 observes, that this species is less than half the size of P. Lamber- 

 tiana, but in all other respects resembles it. Woodmen are very 

 pronounced in their statement, that there are two kinds of sugar- 

 pine,, both growing in close proximity to each other. Mr. J. Hoopes 

 states, that the wood is similar to White Pine, but tougher. Dr. 

 G. Dawson says, that the aborigines use also the seeds of this pine 

 for food. 



Pinus muricata, D. Don. 



Bishop's Pine. California. Found up to 7,500 feet. This hardy 

 pine grows ordinarily to about 40 feet, but reaches 120 feet under 

 favorable circumstances. It might be utilized for wind-breaks (Dr. 

 Gibbons). Hardy in Middle Europe. 



Pinus nigra, Aiton. (Abies rubra, Michaux.) 



Black Spruce. Eastern America, occurring extensively between 

 44 and 53 north latitude. In Norway it will grow to lat. 63 45' 

 (Schuebeler). This tree, which is termed Double Spruce by the 

 Canadians, likes humid sheltered localities, attains a height of about 

 70 feet, and furnishes a light elastic timber of pale color, excellent for 

 yards of ships; largely sawn into boards and quarterings; has also 

 come extensively into use for paper-pulp. The spruce-lumber of 

 eastern markets in the United States is chiefly furnished by this 

 species (Sargent). The young shoots are used for making spruce- 

 beer, and the small roots serve as cords. The tree prefers poor and 

 rocky soil, but a humid cool clime, and is best available for moun- 

 tainous localities inaccessible to culture. Mr. Cecil Clay estimates, 



