310 Select Plants for Industrial Culture 



year over 100 bushels of apples, the bearing taking place alternately 

 with the other three branches. The value of the annual import of 

 American apples into the United Kingdom has risen to two millions 

 sterling. In Europe apple-trees and other fruit-trees are occasionally 

 bored by the Scolytus destructor. Succulent apples contain about 70 

 per cent, of juice, a remark which may serve in calculating the yield 

 of cider. Apple-trees will endure the winters of Norway to lat. 65 28' 

 (Schuebeler). The best dried apples and similar fruits are obtained 

 by submitting them, according to the new American method, to a blast 

 of cold air. The United States sent to England in the season 1880-1 

 about 1,350,000 barrels of apples, irrespective of the large quantity 

 sent by Canada. 



Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin. 



The Snow-Pear. Middle and Southern Europe. This would be 

 adapted for orchards in higher mountain-regions. The fruit becomes 

 soft and edible through exposure to snow. P. amygdaliformis 

 (Villars) or P. Kotschyana (Boissier) are probably the wild state of 

 this tree. . Pear-cider is often made of the fruit of this species. 



Pyrus rivularis, Douglas. 



The Crabapple-tree of North-Western America. Fruit prized by 

 the aborigines for food (G-. Dawson); likely amenable to cultural 

 improvements. Dr. C. Koch draws attention to the probable identity 

 of P. Toringo (Siebold) from Japan. 



Pyrus salicifolia, Linn. 



Greece. Turkey, Persia, South-Western Russia. Hardy at Chris- 

 tiania. Though its fruit, which softens slowly, is edible, this tree is 

 mainly utilized as a superior stock for grafting. 



Quercus ^gilops, Linne.* 



South-Europe, also Syria. A nearly evergreen tree of the size of 

 the British oak. The cups, known as Valonia, used for tanning and 

 dyeing; the unripe acorns, called Camata or Camatena, for the same 

 purpose. Valonia is largely exported from Smyrna to London (33,802 

 tons in 1876). Greece used to produce annually 10,000 tons, worth 

 as much as 18 per ton. The supply is inadequate to present 

 demand. 34,450 tons of Valonia, worth about 526,000, were im- 

 ported into the United Kingdom in 1884. Valonia (Wallones) 

 produces a rich bloom on leather, which latter also becomes less 

 permeable to water (Muspratt). The ripe acorns are eaten raw or 

 boiled. This oak is also recommended as a fine avenue-tree. It 

 bears considerable frost. The wood is capital for furniture. Dr. 

 Kotschy separates Q. JEgilops into several species, of which A. 

 Grseca, Q. oophora and Q. Vallonea yield the mercantile article. 



Quercus agrifolia, N^e. 



California and Mexico. One of the most magnificent among ever- 

 green oaks, with dense, wide-spreading foliage. The thick bark 

 available for tanning. According to Dr. Gibbous this tree attains a 



