312 Select Plants for Industrial Culture 



Quercus Cerris, Linn. 



Turkey or Moss-cupped Oak. Southern Europe, South-Western 

 Asia. Hardy still at Christiania. Of the height of the English 

 oak; in suitable localities of quick growth. The foliage deciduous 

 or also evergreen or nearly so. The wood available for wheel- 



wrights, cabinet-makers, turners, coopers, also for builders generally. 



, It is still firmer and harder than that of the British oak; the sap- 

 wood larger, the heartwood of a more saturated brown, and the large 

 rays more numerous, giving it a most varied and beautiful wainscot- 

 grain (Dr. Brandis, Prof. C. Koch). 



Quercus Chinensis, Bunge. 



Northern China. One of the hardiest among the evergreen 

 oaks. 



Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann. 



California. According to Dr. Vasey this evergreen oak rarely 

 exceeds 50 feet in height, but supplies the hardest oak-wood on the 

 Pacific coast. Dr. Gibbons observes, that it holds a primary rank 

 among Calif ornian forest-trees, but is of sparse occurrence; in suitable 

 soil on the sides of mountains it is of giant-growth, spreading out in 

 magnificent proportions. In toughness and density of wood it repre- 

 sents the live-oak of Florida, being thus highly useful to imple- 

 ment-makers, wheelwrights and machinists; the ivory -like appearance 

 of the wood befits it particularly for inlaying (Dr. Kellogg). 



Quercus coccifera, Linn. 



The deciduous Kermes-Oak of South-Europe, North-Africa and 

 South-Western Asia. So called from the red dye, furnished by the 

 Coccus ilicis from this oak. It also supplies tanners' bark con- 

 taining about 8 per cent, tannin (Muspratt). The huge and ancient 

 Abraham's Oak belongs to this species. The tree likes rich wood- 

 lands. 



Quercus COCCinea, Wangenheim. 



The Black Oak of North- America. Height to about 100 feet; 

 stem-diameter to 5 feet. Foliage deciduous. The tree thrives best 

 in rich woodlands and moist soil. The timber is almost as durable as 

 that of the white oak, and in use for flooring and other carpenters' 

 work. Rate of growth about the same as that of the red oak. The 

 yellow dye, known as quercitron, comes from this tree ; it is much 

 more powerful than that of woad (Bancroft). With alumina the 

 tinge of the bark is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it is orange, with 

 oxyde of iron it is drab (Porcher). Q. velutina (Lamarck) or Q. tinc- 

 toria (Bartram) has been called a variety of this. According to 

 Sargent, it produces timber of close grain and great durability, 

 utilized for carriage-building, cooperage and various constructions ; 

 the bitter inner bark yields a yellow dye. The bark of the variety 

 called scarlet oak is practically far inferior in value to that of the 

 . black oak (Meehan). Bark contains about 8 per cent, of tannic 



