in Extra-Tropical Countries. 341 



of its congeners. According to Sir H. Davy the inner layers of 

 the bark contain fully 16 per cent, tannin, the whole bark only about 

 7 per cent. 



Salix Humboldtiana, Willdenow. 



Through a great part of South- America, southward as far as Pata- 

 gonia, there furnishing building timber for inside-structures. This 

 willow is of pyramidal habit, attains a height of 50 feet and more, 

 and is in moist ground of quick and ready growth. The wood is 

 locally much in use for yokes and other implements. Many kinds of 

 willows can be grown for consolidating shifting sand-ridges. 



Salix Japonica, Thunberg. 



Japan. Here mentioned, to draw attention to its distinctness from 

 S. Babylonica, to which Prof. Andersson referred it as a variety. 



Salix longlfolia, Muehlenberg. 



North-America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Acquires 

 finally a height of about 20 feet; likes to creep on sand and gravel 

 along river-banks. It is one of the species forming- long flexible 

 wythes. S. petiolaris (Smith) and S. tristis (Aiton) are among the 

 North-American species best fitted for binding sand. 



Salix lucida, Muehlenberg. 



One of the Osiers of North-America, reaching Canada. Likes 

 river-banks for its habitation. 



Salix nigra, Marshall. (S. Purshiana, Sprengel.) 



The Black Willow of North- America. It attains a height of 30 

 feet. One of the willows used for basket-work, although it is sur- 

 passed in excellence by some other species, and is more important as 

 a timber-willow. Mr. W. Scaling of Basford includes it among 

 the sorts, which he recommends in his valuable publication, " The 

 Willow/' London 1871. 



Salix purpurea, Linne".* 



Of wide range in Europe, Northern and Western Asia, extending 

 also to North-Africa, according to Sir. J. Hooker. The Bitter 

 Willow; one of the Osiers. Hardy in Norway northward to lat. 67 

 56'. In deep moist soil, not readily otherwise utilized, it will yield 

 annually, four to five tons of the best of rods, qualified for the finest 

 work. Impenetrable, not readily inflammable screens as much as 25 

 feet high can be reared from it in five years. In localities exposed ' 

 to storms, willow-copses fully 40 feet high can be raised from this 

 species. It forms also a variety with pendent branches. It is most 

 valuable also for the reclamation of land along watercourses. Rich 

 in salicin, which collaterally can be obtained from the peelings of the 

 twigs, when the latter are prepared for basket-material. From Mr. 

 Scaling's treatise on the Willow, resting on unrivalled experience, it 

 will be observed, that he anew urges the adoption of the Bitter 



