in Extra-Tropical Countries. 387 



important for covering quickly drift-sands on coasts, not readily 

 approached by pastoral animals. Too apt to stray as a hedge-plant. 

 Prof. C. Koch recommends a thornless variety for sheep-pastures. 



TJllUGUS tuber/OSUS, Lozano. (Mdloca tuberosa, Lindley.) 



Andes of New Granada and Peru, up to an elevation of 9,000 feet. 

 A perennial herb, the tubers of which are edible ; they are of about the 

 size of hens' eggs. Can also be propagated from cuttings, and will 

 endure some frost (Watson). A mean temperature of about 50 

 F. is favorable for the production of tubers of this plant (Vilmorin). 

 Shablee found the tubers in a dried state to contain 3 per cent. fat> 

 4 per cent, gum, 19 per cent, grape-sugar, 33 per cent, starch, 12 per 

 cent, albumen. 



Ulmus alata, Michaux. 



The Whahoo-Elm of North-America, extending to Newfoundland 

 and Texas. Of quick growth. Height of tree reaching about 40 

 feet. Wood fine-grained, heavier and stronger than that of the White 

 Elm, of a dull-red color, unwedgeable, used by wheelwrights, but 

 like that of U. Americana not equal to the wood of the European 

 elm. 



Ulmus Americana, Linn.* 



The White Elm of Eastern North- America, also called Rock- or 

 Swamp-Elm. A tree of longevity, fond of moist river-banks, becom- 

 ing fully a hundred feet hfgh; trunk to 60 feet and as much as 5 feet 

 in diameter. The tree is found hardy in Norway at least to Jat. 59 

 55'. Manning mentions that trees have been known to attain a cir- 

 cumference of 27 feet at 3 feet from the ground, and of 13 feet where 

 the branches burst forth. It is highly prized for street-planting in 

 North-America. Can be propagated from suckers like the European 

 elm, irrespective of multiplication from cuttings or seeds. Almost 

 indifferent to soil. The timber is light, used for wheelwrights' work, 

 for tubes, water-pipes; bears driving bolts well (Robb); it is durable, 

 if either kept quite dry or permanently submerged in water. U. 

 floridana (Chapman) is a variety. Rate of growth in Nebraska r 

 stem-circumference, 63 inches in 24 years (Furnas) 2 feet above 

 ground. 



Ulmus campestris, Linn<$.* 



The ordinary Elm, indigenous to Europe and temperate Asia, as- 

 far east as Japan. Several marked varieties, such as the Cork Elm 

 and Wych-Elm, exist, also a weeping variety. The elm in attaining 

 an age of several centuries becomes finally of enormous size. Sir 

 Joseph Hooker records the height of a tree at 125 feet, with a stem- 

 circumference of 50 feet. In Britain it has been occasionally attacked 

 by Scolytus destructor, and irrespective of this beetle, also by the 

 Goat-moth, Cossus ligniperda, both boring into the stem. The wood 

 is tough, hard, fine-grained and remarkably durable, if constantly 

 under water. Next to the yew it is the best of European woods, 



