xi PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS 547 



a blow-pipe. In addition to the relations of these parts, 

 note : 



1. The sacculus rotundus (Fig. 135, 5. r), and the characters 

 of the caecum, which proximally passes insensibly into the 

 colon. 



2. The length of the intestine as a whole (about fifteen or 

 sixteen times that of the animal) , and the relative length of 

 its five divisions. 



Sketch the entire canal. 



VI. Remove and cut open the stomach and parts of the 

 small intestine, colon, and rectum : wash thoroughly, and 

 examine under water. Remove the caecum together with a 

 small portion of the ileum and colon, wash it out by directing 

 a stream of water through it, distend with water (it is better 

 to harden it first with formaline) and examine in a dish of 

 water ; with the scissors cut away a piece of the wall here 

 and there, between the constrictions and in the appendix. 

 Note : 



1. The mucous membrane, muscular coat, and peritoneum. 



2. The longitudinal ridges or ruga in the stomach, and the 

 pyloric valve. 



3. The aperture of the bile-duct, and the villi and Peyer's 

 patches (p. 515) in the small intestine. 



4. a, The Peyer's patches and intra-colic valve in the 

 proximal part of the colon ; b, the thick lymphoid tissue in 

 the walls of the sacculus rotundus ; c, the ileo-colic aperture 

 and valve. 



5. The spiral valve of the caecum, and the lymphoid tissue 

 of the vermiform appendix. 



6. The characters of the mucous membrane of the caecum 

 and large intestine. 



(Microscopic sections of the small intestine injected and 

 uninjected, should also be examined, compared with 

 Fig. 39, and the villi and intestinal glands noted.) 



VII. Ligature the postcaval at the points where it enters 

 and leaves the liver : remove the entire liver, noting as you 

 do so the aorta, gullet, postcaval, hepatic veins, and phrenic 

 veins. Sketch the liver from the posterior surface. Then 

 return to the examination of the abdomen, and make out 

 (Fig. 140) 



1. The renal and spermatic (or ovarian) arteries and veins. 



2. The caudal artery, arising from the dorsal side of the 

 aorta. 



