DYEING. 187 



the red produced by cochineal alone is rather a 

 crimson than a scarlet; and as the colour of scarlet 

 is, in fact, crimson and yellow, some yellow dye, 

 or fustic, turmeric, or quercitron bark, is added to 

 the cochineal in the first bath. 



Into this the cloth is put, and boiled for two 

 hours. It is then washed, and afterwards put into 

 a second bath of cochineal, which is called the red- 

 dening. When crimson is the colour to be given 

 to the cloth, the tin mordant is the best; but some- 

 times the dyers use the alum for this purpose, and 

 then a decoction of cochineal. The addition of 

 archil and potash renders the crimson darker, and 

 gives it more bloom, but this is very fugitive. For 

 paler crimsons, some madder is substituted for a 

 portion of the cochineal. Wool is dyed madder-red, 

 by boiling it first two or three hours with alum and 

 tartar, and then in a bath of madder. 



Silk may be dyed crimson With codhifieal or 

 Brazil-wood, and sometimes carthamus is used. The 

 nitre-muriate of tin is the best mordant, but ahinl 

 may be also used; Madder does not give a colour 

 sufficiently bright. 



Poppy colour, cherry, rose, and flesh colour, are 

 given to silk by carthamus or Brazil-wood. When 

 the carthamus is employed, an alcaline solution is 

 made, and as much lemon-juice as will give it a 

 fine cherry-red is poured into it. 



It is extremely difficult to give silk a scarlet, and 

 it is scarcely possible to give it a full scarlet. The 

 murio-sulphate of tin, as a mordant, is first used, 

 then the bath of cochineal and quercitron, and 

 lastly, the cochineal bath alone. A colour approach- 

 ing to scarlet may also be given to silk, by dyeing 

 it first crimson, then dyeing it with carthamus, and 

 lastly yellow, without heat. 



