INTRODUCTION. XV 



far forward as will admit of the free use 

 of the shoulders. 



The stirrups should be roomy, with 

 a broad tread, and of medium weight. 

 The holes of the leathers should be 

 punched to correspond, and numbered. 

 The leathers should be attached to the 

 saddle by a spring-bar ; the bar that 

 works upon a hinge is the best. 



Bits and Martingales. 



There is no combination-bit that 

 will supply the place of the " curb and 

 snaffle " of the double bridle. The 

 effects of both of these are required in 

 schooling and in riding the horse. 

 And, although they are never to be 

 used simultaneously, the action of one 



