AND SCHOOL A HORSE. 87 



aids must be made with celerity and 

 precision, but without violence. 



To Back. 



In backing the horse the offices of 

 the fore-hand and croup are inter- 

 changed ; for now the impulsion comes 

 from the fore-hand, and the heels 

 restrain and direct the forces of the 

 croup upon the course. 



Standing at the head of the horse, 

 the trainer will bring him into equili- 

 brium, taking care that the shoulders 

 and croup are in a line. Then with a 

 tap of the whip upon the croup he mil 

 induce the beginning of a forward 

 movement from that part by the raising 



