USE OF EXOTICS 43 



sources, but it was considered very essential to present the data so as to 

 give, as nearly as possible, the French viewpoint on the silvics of each 

 important species. In order not to encumber the text these data on 

 species are given in the Appendix. 



Exotics. Jolyet, on the authority of Belgian and French authors, 

 cites the following exotics as of possible value in France: 



Red oak (Quercus rubra L.), rapid growth; hardy. 



June oak (Quercus pedunculata, var. tardissima Simonkai), hardy. 



White ash (Fraxinus americana L.), hardy; rapid growth. 



"Parrotia" (Parrotia persica C. A. Meyer), much like beech but can develop on dry, 

 shallow, limestone soils; Carpinetum zone. 



Common walnut (Juglans regia L.), cabinet wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), cabinet wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Butternut; White walnut (Juglans cinerea L.), cabinet wood; a hardier tree: Carpine- 

 tum zone. 



Shellbark hickory (Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton), cabinet wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Mocker nut hickory (Hickoria alba (L.) Britton), cabinet wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Yellow birch (Betula luiea Michxf.), cabinet wood. 



Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), cabinet wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux), furnishes soft wood; hardy. 



Yellow linden (Tilia rubra var. euchlora C. Koch), furnishes soft wood; hardy; from 

 Crimea. 



Manchurian linden (Tilia mandschurica Ruprecht and Maximovicz), furnishes soft 

 wood; hardy. 



Honoki; Japanese magnolia (Magnolia hypoleuca Siebold and Zuccarini), furnishes 

 soft wood; rapid growth. 



Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), furnishes soft wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Locust (Robinia pseudacacia L.), a durable hard wood; hardy. 



Tree of heaven; Ailanthus (Ailantus glandulosa Desfontaines), rapid growth and 

 hardy; near ocean in Lauren turn zone, and in Castanetum zone. 



Chinese "cedar"; Cedrela (Cedrela sinensis A. Jussieu), quality of ash but hardier; 

 near ocean in Laurentum zone, and in Castanetum zone. 



Keaki (Zelkova acuminata Planchon), wood like elm; requires fresh soil; Carpinetum 

 zone. 



Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poit) Britton), rapid growth; hardy. 



White fir (Abies concolor (Gord) Parry), rapid growth; hardy. 



Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis Carr.), drought enduring; comes from Asia Minor 

 between Trebizond and Erzerum. 



Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loudon), hardy for "Karst" soils. 



White pine (Pinus strobus L.), rapid grower; hardy; liable to borers and parasites. 



Norway pine; Red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton), rapid grower; hardy; free from insect 

 danger. 



Use of Exotics. Certain conclusions can be reached regarding the 

 introduction of exotic species: 



(1) Exotic species are almost always uncertain, even after they have 

 reached the sapling or pole age. Local species should be favored. 



(2) If exotics are used they should never be employed on a large scale 



