SUBSTITUTE FOR COPPICE-UNDER-STANDARDS (FUTAIE CLAIRE) 99 



and in the fifteenth compartment 1, 16, to 106 years, or in correspond- 

 ing size classes. 



"These trees are so mixed up, that at every point there would be seed trees. . . . 

 We would thus succeed in profiting by all partial seed crops. . . . Moreover these 

 (seed) trees are isolated, that is to say, they would not form a continuous complete 

 stand with one story. Between the largest .(oldest) trees there would be openings, 

 whose size would be determined by the tolerance of the species, and by the need of light 

 for the seedlings. . . . Each age class must occupy equal areas in the forest. . . . 

 If we had ten, then each would cover one-tenth of an hectare (2.5 acres). In the oak 

 forests, for which we suggest this kind of a felling, it would be advisable, as a precaution, 

 to leave a portion of the area unoccupied . . . so as to favor the germination and 

 maintenance of seedlings which might come in, mixed with . . . weeds and sprouts. 

 When the time for cutting arrives the less vigorous and less desirable trees in all size 

 classes will be felled in excess of the normal number assigned to the size class. At the 

 same time the young seedlings, poorly formed or lacking in vigor, would be cut back and 

 the others freed." . . . 



This type of forest, Huffel claims, would have the following advantages 

 over the coppice-under-standards : 



(1) Almost all seed would be used no matter where or when it is 

 produced. 



(2) The systematic and frequent cutting over the same area would 

 insure the maintenance of the seedlings by disengagement cuttings. 



(3) This frequent cutting would also make it possible to leave only 

 small intervals between the large trees and the saw timber would 

 therefore be increased over that obtained in coppice-under-standards. 



(4) The large trees would have longer boles. 



(5) The frequency of felling would allow the removal of defective 

 trees and weed species. 



(6) The felling would be lighter and hence better for the stand. 



(7) The improvement felling so necessary in coppice-under-standards, 

 though often omitted, would not be so vital because of the frequent 

 regular fellings. 



(8) "The operation of marking the fellings (without being more 

 difficult to make them correctly in the coppice-under-standards) will be 

 in every case clearly and precisely regulated. They could not depend 

 on the arbitrariness of some man who changes the method of treatment 

 of the forest by unreasonable multiplication of 1R standards of second- 

 ary species, or of being ruined by the excessive felling of large trees." 



As empirical figures, subject to variation, Huffel gives the "normal" 

 number of trees for each diameter class. These data would be used as a 

 guide and for the purpose of comparison with the actual stand when 

 the fellings are made: 



