DAMAGE BY FROST 281 



also in the plains. Especially with shallow-rooted species, such as 

 spruce, the cut should be managed so as to proceed toward the wind. 

 Usually in the mountain regions, where the damage from the windfall 

 is greater because of heavier fellings, the selection felling must be 

 used rather than the shelterwood compartment system. In the high 

 forests under regeneration the windfall has been estimated to be twenty- 

 three times as great as in uncut stands or in coppice-under-standard s. 

 Often belts of shelter trees managed under the selection system must be 

 maintained around a forest where windfall is dangerous and zones of de- 

 fense against wind in the mountains may often be maintained. Accord- 

 ing to De Gail, 23 on January 30, 1902, a hurricane came from the north- 

 east and resulted in windfall (in the Vosges) amounting to 1,206,755 cubic 

 meters (about 302,000 thousand feet board measure) on a total area of 

 215,757 acres, and amounting to 5.64 cubic meters (about 1.4 thousand 

 feet board measure), per acre where the average stand was originally 

 about 120 cubic meters (30,000 feet board measure) per acre. Equalling 

 almost two and one-half years' growth it interrupted the sustained 

 yield and resulted in increased labor prices and consequently diminished 

 profits. It is interesting to note that the measures taken by the local 

 conservator were: (1) The suspension of all regular fellings for the year 

 1902; (2) extension of time for the timber sales of the past year; (3) 

 payment for windfalls in four installments instead of wholly in advance; 

 and (4) more than the usual time allowed for felling and removal. The 

 average price received for this windfall, including branchwood, was 

 nine-sixteenths the regular price, or a diminution of 44 per cent below 

 normal because of the wholly unusual amount of timber thrown on the 

 market De Gail says the irregular stand stood the hurricane best, 

 especially where there was a tremendous disparity in the height of the 

 trees comprising the stand. The total estimated loss was as follows: 



Reduction in price $1,068,932.82 



Breakage 68,411.75 



Loss through felling immature timber 595,059 . 14 



Extra forestation charges 17,885 . 31 



Derangement of working plans 11,580. 00 



Damage to sawmills through excessive use 4,168.80 



$1,766,037.82 



Damage by Frost. The damage from hail, frosts, or ice (on trees) 

 is considerable, and apparently there is no known, preventive. In 

 January, 1879, 41,666 cords of fuel wood were broken by an ice storm of 

 unusual severity. Late and early frosts can be guarded against by 

 using species which are not easily damaged and by maintaining a pro- 

 23 L'Ourage de 1902 dans les Vosges, Revue des Eaux et ForSts, July 15, 1903, 



