4 PREFACE 



that the photo-micrographs and drawings in the book 

 will clear up any difficulties. They have been made 

 specially for this book, and are designed not as sub- 

 stitutes for actual specimens, but as aids to the 

 practical observation of plants. 



Technical words have been introduced when necessary 

 for accurate description, but they have been avoided 

 whenever simpler terms were adequate. The common 

 as well as the systematic names of plants employed 

 in the book are to be found in The Botanist's Pocket 

 Book, by W. Hayward (thirteenth edition, revised by 

 G. Claridge Druce. Bell). 



Although no particular syllabus has been followed, 

 the subject-matter covers the work necessary for 

 Matriculation, Senior Local Examinations, and the 

 Elementary Teacher's Certificate Examination ; with 

 suitable omissions, the book can also be used for 

 Preliminary and Junior Local Examinations and for 

 Scholarship Examinations for entrance into Secondary 

 Schools. 



The Author records his obligations to Miss M. M. 

 Brierley for the great care and interest which she has 

 taken in the preparation of the illustrations, and for 

 help in many ways ; to Miss H. Rigby for some of the 

 drawings ; and to Mr. A. W. Sykes, Mr. W. H. Sikes, 

 Miss H. M. Sikes, and the late Mr. H. G. Brierley, for 

 many of the photographs. To Miss D. Ventham, M.A., 

 Miss E. M. Poulton, M.Sc, and especially to the 

 Rev. T. A. Jefferies, F.L.S., he is indebted for many 

 helpful criticisms. 



