222 THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 



Groundsel, Dandelion (Fig. 147), Coltsfoot (Fig. 156, 5), 

 Thistles, Valerian, Bulrush ; and the perianth of the 

 Cotton-grasses (Eriophorum) (Fig. 158, 1) is transformed 

 into a tuft of long hairs. The Clematis (Fig. 156, 4) 

 and Mountain Avens have a long, persistent, feathery 

 style. The awn of the Feather-grass is twisted, and ends 

 in a beautiful plume a foot in length. Some Anemones 

 have hairy fruit-coats. 



(5) Winged Seeds occur in the Pine (Fig. 156, 3), Larch, 

 and cultivated climbers like Eccremocarpus and Bignonia. 



(6) The Flattened Fruits of the Hogweed (Fig. 156, 6) 

 split into two thin half-fruits and are readily detached from 

 their slender threads during high winds. 



(7) Many fruits have a Winged fruit-coat, and the fruit 

 is often flattened, e.g. Birch, Elm (Fig. 156, 7), Common 

 Ash (Fig. 9, 1), Sycamore (Fig. 202, 5), and Maple. The 

 wings of the Hornbeam (Fig. 156, 8) are formed from 

 bracts. Most of these, however, are too heavy to be carried 

 far, except during high gales. 



(8) Globular Fruits and Plants may be rolled to a slight 

 extent by the winds, as is the case with the fruits of 

 Medicago (Fig. 156, 9) and the whole plants of certain 

 species of Selaginella. 



(9) Censer Mechanisms. The capsules and follicles of 

 many plants (Fig. 159, 1 to 5) are borne on erect stalks, 

 and the seeds can only escape from the cup-like fruit-case 

 when violently shaken by the wind or by a passing animal ; 

 then a few seeds may be jerked out. Commonly the fruit- 

 stalk decays, and the capsules with their seeds fall in a heap 

 to the ground. We have already noticed the more im- 

 portant ways in which capsules open to allow the seeds 

 to escape. Those widely open above are liable to damage 

 by rain, but often the capsule is surrounded by teeth 

 which bend over and close the capsule in wet weather, 

 opening again when the air is drier (Fig. 159, 2). The fruit 



