DISPERSAL OF FRUITS AND SEEDS 225 



for birds. Fruits such as the following are commonly 

 to be found : Hawthorn, Rose, Blackberry, Raspberry, 

 Strawberry, Blackthorn, Plum, Cherry, Crab, Mountain 

 Ash, Barberry, Gooseberry, Guelder Rose, Wayfaring 

 Tree, Elder, Honeysuckle, Ivy, Dogwood, Holly, Spindle 

 Tree, Buckthorn, Woody Nightshade, White Bryony, and 

 Black Bryony. 



(4) Animals like the sheep and goat often have large 

 numbers of hooked fruits in their coats. Structures of this 

 kind which have become entangled in the wool are called 



Fig. 160. Hooked Fruits. i, Cleavers ; 2, 3, and 4, achenes 

 of Avens showing the bending of the style to form a hook; 5, 

 capitulum of Burdock with hooked bracts. 



burrs; some of them are entire fruits, others are hooks 

 only, the rest of the fruit having broken off. When the 

 wool is eventually scoured and these foreign bodies with 

 the dirt are thrown on to the waste-heaps near the factories 

 the seeds often germinate. The plants that spring up 

 indicate the region from which the wool has been obtained. 

 If several kinds of hooked fruits are examined, it will 

 be seen that the hooks are developed from different 

 organs (Fig. 160, 1-5). 



In the Cleavers (Fig. 160, 1), Sanicle, and Enchanter's 

 Nightshade, they are on the fruit -coat. In the Avens 

 (Geum) the style is hooked (2, 3, 4). In the Burr Marigold 



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