242 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 



tongued insects, such as bees, moths, and butterflies. The 

 fruit is a capsule opening by four to ten teeth (Fig. 165, 6), 

 and the seeds, ornamented with wart-like outgrowths, 

 are dispersed by wind or animals (see p. 222). 



The Red Campion (L. dioica) is dioecious ; the female 

 plant also differs from the male plant by its larger size 

 and coarser growth. Some species with white flowers, 

 e. g. Night-flowering Campion (Silene noctiflora), are closed 

 during the day, but are open and sweet-scented at night, 

 and are visited by night-flying moths. 



The flower-stalks of the Catchfly are covered with sticky 

 hairs, to which numerous small insects adhere, hence its 

 name. 



The Stitchworts, Chickweeds, and Sandworts differ from 

 the preceding in having a polysepalous calyx, a wider, 

 more open flower, and honey accessible to short -tongued 

 insects. Some, like the Chickweeds, are able to pollinate 

 themselves. Sometimes the petals are so deeply cleft that 

 the corolla appears to have eight or ten petals. In the 

 Stitchworts, Pearlworts, and others, we often meet with 

 reduced flowers 



Order Rosaceae. Leaves usually stipulate, receptacle 

 more or less hollowed, sepals and petals four or five 

 each, stamens indefinite, perigynous, ovary usually 

 superior and apocarpous (Fig. 166, 1) ; sometimes (e.g. 

 Apple) it is inferior and syncarpous (2). 



There are ninety genera and upwards of two thousand 

 species in this widely distributed order. It contains many 

 familiar and cultivated species, including a large number 

 of our common fruit trees and shrubs. Many spread 

 rapidly by vegetative reproduction, e. g. the Strawberry, 

 Silverweed, and the Blackberry by runners, and the Rasp- 

 berry by suckers (Fig. 27, p. 61). 



The flowers resemble those of Ranunculaceae, but are 



