244 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 



(see Fig. 153). The achenes of the Mountain Avens (Dry as 

 octopetala) have a persistent feathery style for wind-dis- 

 persal ; and in the Water Avens (Geum rivale) the style 

 becomes hooked and the fruit is dispersed by the fur of 

 animals (Fig. 160, 2,3,4). The Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla 

 vulgaris) has very small, crowded, green, much-reduced 

 flowers ; the calyx is four or five lobed, there are no petals, 

 only four stamens, and one or two carpels enclosed in a dry 

 hollow receptacle. The Salad Burnet (Poterium Sangui- 

 sorba) has no corolla, the flowers are monoecious and 

 crowded into a head, the upper ones are female with 

 feathery stigmas, the lower ones are male with many 

 stamens, the pollen is dry and carried by the wind. The 

 Dog-Rose (Rosa canina) has a deep, hollow receptacle con- 

 tracted above and enclosing several achenes (Fig. 146). 

 In the Apple (Pyrus Malus) the five carpels are syncarpous 

 and inferior, and united to the fleshy receptacle (Fig. 155). 

 Other familiar pome fruits are Pear (Pyrus communis), 

 Quince (Cydonia vulgaris), Cotoneaster, Rowan (Pyrus 

 Aucuparia), and Hawthorn (Crataegus Oxyacantha). 



Thus we get development from perigyny to epigyny 

 in Meadowsweet, Tormentil, Blackberry, Rose, Cherry, 

 Apple, and Pear ; from apocarpy to syncarpy in Meadow- 

 sweet, Tormentil, Blackberry, Cherry, Apple, and Pear ; 

 and fruits of special interest in Avens, Rose, Strawberry, 

 Blackberry, Cherry, and Apple (see pp. 217-19 and 225). 



Order Papilionaceae (Leguminosae). Leaves stipu- 

 late, flowers in racemes, papilionaceous. Stamens ten, 

 perigynous, united into a tube by their filaments 

 (monadelphous) or nine united and one free (diadel- 

 phous). Pistil of one carpel, superior, apocarpous. 

 Fruit a legume (Fig. 167). 



Papilionaceae is a sub-order of Leguminosae. In the 

 latter order are included such species as the Acacias, the 



