STURTEV ant's NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS II9 



the Marrow cabbage. A long, highly improved form, not now under cultiu-e, is figured 

 by Gerarde.i 1597, J. Bauliin,^ 1651, and Chabraeus,' 1677, and the modern form is given 

 by Gerarde and by Matthiolus,'' 1598. A very unimproved form, out of harmony with 

 the other figures, is given by Dalechamp,^ 1587, and Castor Durante,^ 1617. The 

 synonymy can be tabulated as below: 



I. 

 Caulorapum. Cap. Epit. 251. 1586. 



II. 



Rapa Br. peregrine, caule rapum gerens. Lob. Icon. 246. 1591. 

 Br. caule rapum gerens. Dod. Pempt. 625. i6r6. 

 Rapa brassica. Bodaus 777. 1644. 



III. 

 Caulo rapum longum. Ger. 250. 1597. 

 Br. caulorapa. Baiih. J. 2:830. 1651. 

 Br. caulorapa sive Rapo caulis. Chabr. 270. 1677. 



IV. 

 Caulorapum rotundum. Ger. 250. 1597. 

 Brassica gongylodes. Matth. Opera 367. 1598. 



V. 



Brassica raposa. Dalechamp 522. 1587. 

 Bradica raposa. Dur. C. 161 7. app. 



Matthiolus, as we have stated, says the plant came into Germany from Italy; Pena 

 and Lobel say it came from Greece; Gerarde, that it grows in Italy, Spain and Germany, 

 whence he received seeds. This plant was an inmate of the Old Physic Garden in 

 Edinburgh before 1683. In 1734, it was first brought into field culture in Ireland; in 

 Scotland in 1805; and in England in 1837. In the United States, it was mentioned by 

 McMahon,' 1806. Fessenden,' 1828, names two varieties, one the above-ground and 

 the other the below-ground turnip-rooted. Darwin ' speaks of the recently formed new 

 race, already including nine subvarieties, in which the enlarged part lies beneath the 

 ground like a turnip. Two varieties are used in France in ornamental gardening, the 

 leaves being cut and frizzled, and the artichoke-leaved variety, is greatly prized for deco- 

 ration by confectioners. These excerpts indicate a southern origin, for this vegetable 

 and the Marrow cabbage are very sensitive to cold. The more highly improved forms, as 

 figured in our synonymy, are in authors of northern or central Europe, while the unim- 

 proved forms are given by more southern writers. This indicates that the present kohl- 



' Gerarde, J. Herb. 250. 1597. 

 'Bauhin, J. Hut. PI. 2:%iO. 1651. 

 Chabraeus Icon. Sciag. 270. 1677. 



Matthiolus Opera 367. 1598. 



' Dalechamp Hist. Gen. PI. (Lugd.) 1587. 



Durante, C. Herb.&pp. 1617. 



' McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cal. 309. 1806. 



Fessenden New Amer. Card. 59. 1828. 



Darwin, C. Ans. and Pis. Domest. 1:342. 1893. 



