STURTEVANT S NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS 1 75 



the productions of the country which is watered by the Indus, but the Arabs, pushing 

 farther into the interior than Alexander the Great, iound the orange, and brought it 

 into Arabia in the ninth century. It reached Italy in the eleventh century and was in 

 cultivation about Seville at the close of the twelfth and at Palermo in the thirteenth 

 centtuy. Gallesio ' states that it was introduced from Arabia and the north of Africa 

 into Spain. Pickering,^ states that the bitter orange was cultivated in Sicily in A. D. 

 1002. The sour orange had become naturalized in the forests of Essequibo, about Vera 

 Cruz and ^&ar Mexico City, in 1568; in Brazil in 1587;' in Porto Rico, Barbados and the 

 Bermudas,* Cape Verde islands and in Florida at early dates. There are many varieties 

 and the fruit of a curious one consists of an orange within an orange. 



Tangerine. Mandarin. 

 This fruit is rare in China but abundant in Cochin China. The fruit is round, a 

 little compressed, red inside as well as out. It is the most agreeable of all oranges.^ 

 Loudon * says the thin rind is loose, so much so that when ripe the pulp may be shaken 

 about as a kernel in some nuts. The flesh, of a deep orange color, possesses a- superior 

 flavor. Williams ' says it is the most deHcious of the oranges of China. 



C. decumana Murr. grape fruit, pomelo, pummelo. shaddock. 



Tropical Asia. The shaddock was first carried from China to the West Indies early 

 in the eighteenth century. It occurs in several varieties and both the red and white kinds 

 are considered by Wilkes * indigenous to the Fiji Islands. In 1777, they were somewhat 

 distributed by Capt. Cook in his voyage of discovery. 



C. japonica Thunb. kumquat. 



Japan and China. The fruit is about the size of a cherry or gooseberry. It is cvdti- 

 vated in China and Japan and is found near Canton in China. The small, oblong, reddish- 

 yellow fruit contains but five sections under a very thin skin; the pulp is sweet and 

 agreeable.' 



C. javanica Blume. java lemon. 



Java. This ciiltivated species bears small, roundish, slightly acid fniits.'" 



C. limonia Osbeck. lemon. 



Tropical Asia. De Candolle" says the lemon was unknown to the ancient Romans 



'Gallesio Treas. Bot. 1:292. 1870. 



Pickering, C. Chron. Hist. Pis. 656. 1879. 



'Lives Voy. Drake, Cavendish 136. 1854. 



* Nuttall, T. No. Amer. Sylva 3:54. 1865. 

 'Gallesio, G. Traite Citrus 32. 1811. 



Loudon, J. C. Hort. 608. i860. 



' Williams, S. W. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 475. i860. 



Wilkes, C. U. S. Explor. Exped. 3:335. 1845. 



De CandoUe, A. Ceog. Bot. 2:870. 1855. 

 ' Ibid. 

 " De Candolle, A. Ceog. Bot. 2:865. 1855. 



