sturtevant's notes on edible plants i8i 



the Caspian through Russia and Poland to Finland and is now spontaneous in the United 

 States. Both the leaves and roots were eaten in Germany during the Middle Ages but 

 their use was not common in England until a much later period. This plant cannot be 

 identified with certainty with the armoracia of the Romans.^ If it be the armoracia of 

 Palladius,^ which is a wild plant transferred to the garden, it is very curious that its use 

 is not mentioned by Apicius ' in his work on cookery, of the same century. Zanonius * 

 deems horseradish to be the draba of Dioscorides. It seems to be the raphanus of 

 Albertus Magnus,* who lived in the thirteenth century; he speaks of the plant as wild and 

 domesticated, but its culture then was probably for medicinal purposes alone, as indicated 

 by him. Its cultiu-e in Italy, in 1563, is implied by Ruellius ^ under the name armoracia 

 but Castor Durante,' 161 7, does not describe it. In Germany, its culture as a condimental 

 plant is mentioned by Fuchsius,* 1542, and by later writers. In 1587, Dalechamp ' speaks 

 of its culture in Germany but does not mention it in France. L5rte,"' 1586, mentions the 

 wild plant and its uses as a condiment in England but does not imply culture. Horse- 

 radish, though known in England as red cole in 1568, is not mentioned by Ttirner " as used 

 in food, nor is it noticed by Boorde,'^ 1542, in his chapter on edible roots in the Dyetary of 

 Helth. Gerarde " speaks of it as used by the Germans, and Coles, in Adam in Eden, states 

 that the root sliced thin and mixed with vinegar is eaten as a sauce with meat as among 

 the Germans." In the United States, horseradish is in general cultivation for market 

 purposes. It was included by McMahon,'* 1806, in his list of garden esculents. 



C. danica Linn. 



Northern and Arctic regions. This species is employed as a salad plant.^* 



C. macrocarpa Waldst. & Eat. 



Himgary and Transylvania. The root may be used as a horseradish but it is less 

 acrid." 



C. officinalis Linn, scurvy grass, spoonwort. 



Arctic regions. This species is used occasionally as a cress and is cultivated in gardens 



1 De Candolle, A. Orig. Pis. Cult. 34. 1885. 

 ' Palladius lib. 4, c. 9; lib. II, c, 2; lib. 12, c. 6. 

 ' Apicius Opson. 1709. 



Zanonius Stirp. Hist. t. 15, p. 23. 1742. 



Albertus Magnus Veg. lib. 6, tract 2, c. 16. 1867. Jessen Ed. 



Ruellius Nat. Stirp. 466. 1536. 

 ' Durante, C. Herb. 1617. 



Fuchsius Hist. Stirp. 660. 1542. 



Dalechamp Hist. Gen. PL (Lugd.) 636. 1587. 

 ' Dodoens Herb. 688. 1586. Lyte Ed. 



" Fluckiger and Hanbury Pharm. 66. 1879. 

 " Ibid. 



" Gerarde, J. Herb. 242. 1633 or 1636. 2nd Ed. 

 " Fluckiger and Hanbury Pharm. 66. 1879. 

 McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cal. 582. 1806. 

 " Unger, F. V. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 356. 1859. 

 " Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 1:188. 1831. 



