436 sturtevant's notes on edible plants 



Germany. Anise is mentioned also by Albertus Magnus' in the thirteenth century. 

 it sems to have been grown in England as a potherb prior to 1542, as Boore,- in his 

 Dyetary of Helth, printed in that year, says of it and fennel, " These herbes be seldom 

 used but theyr seedes be greatly occupyde." Ruellius" records anise in France in 1536 

 and gives the common name as Roman fennel, the name Albertus Magnus used in the 

 thirteenth century. It is classed among culinary herbs by McMahon,* 1806. 



In the seventeenth century, Quintyne records the use of the loaves in salads. The 

 seeds now serve to flavor various liquors; in Italy, they appear in diverse pastries; in 

 Germany they are put into bread; in England, in special bread, in rye bread and even 

 in cheese. In Malta, localities in Spain, France, southern Italy, Germany and Russia 

 the plant is grown on a large scale for the seed, which also enters commerce in northern 

 India and Chile. The plant is indigenous to Asia Minor, the Greek islands and Egypt 

 but is nowhere to be found undoubtedly growing wild. There is no indication of its having 

 formed varieties under cultivation, except that Bauhin records one sort having rounder 

 and smaller seeds than the common variety. 



Pinanga dicksonii Blume. Palmae. 



East Indies. This is a wild species, the nuts of which are utilized by the poorer classes 

 as a substitute for the betel-nut.* 



Pinus cembra Linn. Coniferae. Russian cedar, swiss stone pine. 



Southern Europe and northern Asia. According to Gmelin,' the seeds form about 

 the sole winter food of the peasantry in Siberia. Nuttall ' says an oil is extracted from them. 



P. cembroides Zucc. 



Western United States. The seeds are as large as large peas, says Newberry,* the 

 flavor agreeable, and the Indians eat them whenever they can be obtained. The edible 

 nuts are collected, says Parry,* by the Indians along the Mexican boimdary, and Torrey 

 says, when fresh or slightly roasted, they are very palatable. 



P. contorta Dougl. 



Western United States. In times of scarcity, says R. Brown,*" the Indians will eat 

 the liber. Along both sides of the trail in the passes of the Galton and Rocky Mountains, 

 many of the young trees of this species are stripped of their bark for a foot or so above 

 the ground to a height of six or seven feet. The Indians of Alaska, says Dall," in the spring 



'Albertus Magnus Veg. Jessen Ed. 476. 1867. 



'Flucldger and Hanbury Pharm. 311. 1879. 



' Ruellius Nat. Stir p. 701. 1536. 



' McMahon, B. Amer. Card. igg. 1806. 



' Drury, H. Useful Pis. Ind. 50. 1873. 



Kckering, C. Chron. Hist. Pis. 6^2. 1879. 



' Nuttall, T. No. Amer. Sylva 2: 168. 1865. 



Newberry Pacific R. R. Rpt. 6:45. 1857. (Ahies wUliamsonii) 



Parry Bot. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 21. 1859. 



"Brown, R. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 9:382. 1868. 



'^U. S. D. A. Rpt. 411. 1870. 



