STURTEVANT S NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS 507 



R. fruticosus Linn, bramble, bumblekites. European blackberry, scaldberry. 

 Eiorope, north and south Africa, middle and northern Asia.^ The fruits in some 

 parts of England are called bumblekites and in others scaldberries and have been eaten 

 by children, says Loudon,* in every country where they grow wild since the time of Pliny. 

 The fruit, says Johnson,' is wholesome and pleasant. The berries are sometimes fer- 

 mented into a wine of very indifferent quality and, abroad, are sometimes used for 

 coloring more generous liquor. The Red Muscat wine of Toulon owes its tint to the 

 juice of blackberries. In China, the berries are gathered and eaten.* 



R. geoides Sm. 



Magellan, Falkland Islands, Fuego, Patagonia and Chiloe. This species is a rasp- 

 berry-like plant, with greenish-yellow fruits resembling the cloudberry and is of a very 

 agreeable taste. ^ 



R. gminianus Hook. 



Tasmania. The fruit is red and juicy but not always well-developed.' 



R. hawaiensis A. Gray. 



Sandwich Islands. The fruit is ovoid, half an inch in length and breadth, red and 

 edible.' 



R. hispidus Linn, running blackberry, swamp blackberry. 



Northern America. The fruit consists of a few large grains, red or purple, and sour. ' 

 The fruit is quite good tasting but is not worth picking in the presence of better varieties. 



R. idaeus Linn. European raspberry, framboise. 



Europe, Orient and northern Asia and thrives as far north as 70 in Scandinavia.' 

 This species furnishes the Eioropean varieties of the cultivated raspberry and those cul- 

 tivated in American gardens prior to about 1866."* This species is now occasionally found 

 wild, as an escape, in Vermont and Connecticut;" The fruit of the wild plant is crimson 

 or amber-colored; this is the raspberry of European gardens.'^ According to Unger,'' this 

 species is mentioned by Palladius as a cultivated plant. Unger says further that " there 

 are now varieties grown with red fruit, yellow fruit and white fruit and those which bear 

 twice in the year." '* The fruit of this berry has been found in the debris of the lake 



'MueUer, F. Sel. Pis. 429. 1891. 



* Loudon, J. C. Arb. Frul. Brit. 2:743. 1844. 



' Johnson, C. P. Useful Pis. Gt. Brit. 89. 1862. 



* Smith, F. P. Contrib. Mat. Med. China 188. 1871. 

 'Mueller, F. Sel. Pis. 428. 1891. 



* Mueller, F. Sel. Pis. 206. 1876. 



' Gra)', A. U. S. Explor. Exped. 505. 1854. 

 Gray, A. Man. Bot. 158. 1868. 

 'Dxi ChaiUu Land Midnight Sun 1:1 $2. 1882. 

 " Downing, A. J. Fr. Fr. Trees Amer. 655. 1857. 

 " Wood, A. Class Book Bot. 340. 1864. 

 '2 Babington, C. C. Brit. Rubi 43. 1869. 

 " Unger, F. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 347. 1859. 

 " Loudon, J. C. Arb. Frut. Brit. 2:737. 1844. 



