STURTEVANT S NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS 529 



Bauhin,! 1596, nor Clusius,^ 1601, indicates it as a cultivated plant, and Gerarde,' 1597, 

 calls it a'stranger in England but growing in his garden. In 1612, Le Jardinier Solitaire * 

 calls this salsify the best root which can be grown in gardens. The use of the root as a 

 garden vegetable is recorded in England by Meager,* 1683, Worlidge,' 1683, and by Ray,' 

 1686. Quintyne,* in France, 1690, calls it " one of our chiefest roots." Its cultivation 

 does not, therefore, extend back to the sixteenth century. No varieties are recorded under 

 culture. Black salsify was in American gardens in 1806. It was first known in Spain 

 about the middle of the sixteenth century for its medicinal qualities as a supposed remedy 

 for snake-bite. Black salsify was introduced into France from Spain about the beginning 

 of the seventeenth century. 



S. parvifiora Jacq. 



Eiu-ope, northern and western Asia. This plant is called by the Kirghis idschelik 

 and is eaten as greens.' 



S. tuberosa Pall. 



Tiu-kestan. This species yields an edible root." 



Scrophularia aquatica Linn. Scrophularineae. bishop's leaves. brownwort. 



WATER-BETONY. 



Europe and adjoining Asia. In France, this plant is called herbe du sibge, according 

 to Burnett, from its roots having been eaten by the garrison of Rochelle during the siege 

 in 1628." 



S. frigida Boiss. 



Persia. According to Haussknecht,'^ this species yields a saccharine exudation in 

 Persia. 



Secale cereale Linn. Gramineae. rye. 



Orient. Rye, according to Karl Koch," is found wild in the mountains of the Crimea. 

 De Candolle ^* thinks he has discovered rye in a wild state in Australia, and a species seems 

 to have existed in the Bronze Age of Europe, as shown by the lacustrine debris of Switzer- 

 land. Kotzebur " is said to have found it growing wild near Fort Ross, North America, 



* Bauhin, C. Phylopinax Zi7 1596. 

 ' Clusius Hii/. 2:137. 1601. 



' Gerarde, J. Herb. 597. 1596. 



Jard. Solit. 210. 1612. 



' Meager Eng. Card. 61. 1683. 



Worlidge, J. Syst.Horl.iS6. 1683. 



' Ray Hist. PI. 248. 1686. 



' Quintyne Comp. Card. 200. 1693. Evelyn Ed. 



'Pickering, C. Chron. Hist. Pis. ^Sy. 1879. [S. caricifolia) 

 "Mueller,?. 5e/. f /i. 432. 1891. 

 " Pickering, C. Chron. Hist. Pis. 637. 1879. 

 " Fluckiger and Hanbury Pharm. 373. 1879. 

 " Morton Enc. Agr. 2:820. 1869. 

 De Candolle, A. Orig. Cult. Pis. 372. 1885. 

 " Rpt. Ohio State Bd. Agr. 16: 164. 1861 . 



