CH. II 



CLEANINGS 



235 



consisting entirely of young individuals, those which are 

 hurtful can be made to allow growing room to the more 

 valuable ones by topping them, that is, by cutting 

 off their crowns to below the level of the crown of the 

 young trees which it is desired to help up. It may 

 suffice to prune some of the branches from the dominant 

 tree and thus give the necessary amount of growing 



Fig. 77. 



Fig. 78. 



room. The implements which can be used for small 

 wood are either the pruning-knife (Fig. 77) or the seca- 

 teur (Fig. 78), or indeed any sharp knife, while for 

 stronger wood a heavier slashing knife or bill-hook is 

 required. Pruning-shears (Fig. 79) are also powerful, 

 and useful for pruning branches which are not too 

 far overhead. For branches which are some distance 

 above the ground the pruning-hook (Fig. 16) or the tree- 

 pruner (Fig. 17) will have to be employed, or if the 



