INJURIOUS INSECTS. 339 



on the ground, and destroying them ; and (2) that of plant- 

 ing the trees in limits of poultry yards. The first remedy 

 cannot be applied to the apple tree on account of its size. 

 The second has proved successful in saving the plum crop, 

 and would undoubtedly be as successful with the apple ; but 

 the fowls should be numerous enough to not only catch the 

 insects when they come from the ground, but also to let none 

 of the larvse escape when they come from the fallen fruit to 

 go into the ground. Perhaps a more sure preventive would 

 be, in addition to the above, to have the fruit destroyed by 

 pasturing swine in the orchard in sufficient numbers to eat 

 all of the fruit as soon as it drops. 



The apple crop is also very much injured by the larvae of 

 the codling moth, mentioned above, which has been common 

 for a long time, and the apple maggot {Tripeia pomonella) , 

 which has only done serious damage within the past five 

 years. The latter injures the fruit by making burrows in 

 the flesh, many larvas or maggots often working in the same 

 apple. The eggs are laid by a small fly, — somewhat resem- 

 bling the common house-fly, but not more than one-half its 

 size, — through a small opening in the skin of the apple made 

 with its ovipositor. It shows especial liking for the thin- 

 skinned, mild, sub-acid or sweet summer or autumn varieties, 

 but also attacks some winter varieties. Its ravasjes have 

 become so extensive in some localities that prompt measures 

 must be taken for its extermination, or it may work the total 

 destruction of the apple crop. 



The practice of pasturing swine in the summer is being 

 recommended and practised by many of our leading farmers 

 and stock-breeders, and the orchardist must combine to a 

 certain extent this branch of business with his own if he 

 would be successful, for the destruction of the fruit as it falls 

 from the tree is the only safe and swe remedy now known 

 to prevent injury by these three insects. 



