PRACTICAL STUDY OF PLANT FORMATIONS. 63$ 



point on the land these are in succession: white pine (i), oak (2), willows 

 (3), thoroughwort (4): littoral zone of semi-aquatics, typha (5), bulrushes 

 (6), arrow-leaf (7); mid zone, pond-lilies and potamogetons (8); Sub- 



Land Zone. 



Littoral Zone. 



3.1 id Zone 



Submerged Zone. { 



b<ptr OO 



DO OO OOOOOO 



%o O o oo oooo 

 oo 00 a o oooo* 



Willow Formation 

 (Salicetum). 



Eupatorium 



Formation 



(Eupatorietum). 



Typha Formation 

 (Typhetum). 



Bulrush Formation 

 (Scirpetum). 



Arrow-leaf Formation 

 ( Sagittarietum ). 



\ Pond-lily Formation 

 (Nymphetum). 



Pondweed Formation 

 i (Potamogetonetum). 



Bassweed (Chara) 

 Formation 

 (Charetum) 



Fig. 535- 

 position of plant formations in 



Chart showing relative position of plant formations in zones along lake shores. 



merged zone, pondweeds (Potamogeton and Vallisneria, 9), bassweed 

 (Chara, 10). By the side of this, on the same shore, the typha is replaced 

 by sedges, and the arrow-leaf by the yellow water-lily or spatter-dock (Nu- 



