436 INTUODUCTORY. 



20. The nasal bone. 



27. The malar, or cheek bone. 



28. The lower jaw. 



Fig. 2. — JAWS OF THE MANDRILL. 



1. Incisory teeth. 



2. Canine teeth. 



3. Molars or grinders. 



The upper jaw of the whole class is fixed to the cranium j 

 the lower jaw consists of two pieces, and is articulated by 

 a projecting condyle into an immoveable temporal bone. 

 The neck, is composed of seven, and in one species, of nine, 

 vertebrae. The anterior ribs are attached to a sternum, formed 

 of various pieces placed vertically. Their anterior extremity 

 commences from a shoulder-blade or scapula, which is not arti- 

 culated to any other bone, but merely suspended in the flesh, 

 and often indeed resting solely on the sternum by an interme- 

 diate bone, denominated the clavicle. This extremity is con- 

 tinued by an arm, a fore-arm, and a hand, which is itself formed 

 of two ranges of small bones called the carpus, and another 

 called the metacarpus, and the fingers, each composed of two 

 or three bones termed phalanges. 



The whole of this class, with the exception of the Cetacea, 

 have the posterior extremity fixed to the spine, where it shelves 

 out into a girdle, or pelvis. In youth, this process is divided 

 into three pairs of bones : the ilium, which is attached to the 

 spine ; the pubis, which forms the anterior of the pelvis ; and 

 the ichium, which forms the posterior part. At the point of 

 union of these bones, there is a cavity into which the thigh is 

 articulated, to which is attached the leg, composed of two 

 bones, the tibia and fibula. The leg is terminated by the foot, 

 composed of parts analogous to those of the hand, and are / 

 termed the tarsus, metatarsus, and toes. 



The head of the Mammalia is always articulated by two con- 

 dyles upon the atlas, or first vertebra. 



The cranium is divided into three compartments. The ante- 

 rior is formed of the two frontal bones and the ethmoid ; the 

 intermediate, by the parietal bones and the sphenoid j and the 

 posterior by the occipital. Between the occipital bones and 



