THE TONGUE. 13 



of the genio-glossi and hyo-glossi, as far as the point of the 

 tongue, here to become lost in the integument on its upper 

 surface. Since these longitudinal fibres become thicker ante- 

 riorly, it is probable that independent, superior longitudinal 

 fibres, arising from the mucous membrane of the dorsum of 

 the tongue, and ending upon it, become associated with them. 

 I find perpendicular fibres, which do not arise from without, 

 only in the apex of the tongue, where delicate bundles of them 

 are stretched between the upper and lower layers of mucous 

 membrane. 



The lamellae of the most anterior part of the transversus pass 

 between the inner portions of these bundles, whilst between 

 their extremities the longitudinalis superior and inferior and 

 stylo -glossus penetrate with tolerable regularity, so that trans- 

 verse sections exhibit an alternation of perpendicular and lon- 

 gitudinal fibres, such as that which appears in the dorsal part 

 of the tongue in fig. 170. 



It remains to be added, that the palato-glossus muscle be- 

 comes in part lost, together with the cerato-glossus, in the 

 mucous membrane of the lateral borders of the tongue, and 

 in part seems to unite with the larger bundles of the stylo- 

 glossus. 



If, after thus describing the separate muscles of the tongue, 

 both external and internal, we consider the general structure 

 of the organ, it appears that its proper substance presents 

 essentially only three sets of muscular fibres, which may be 

 denominated perpendicular, transverse, and longitudinal. The 

 perpendicular fibres arise from the genio-glossi in the middle; 

 from the lingualis and hyo-glossus laterally; at the apex, also, 

 from the perpendicularis * and they form from the point to the 

 root, a great number of transverse lamella, occupying nearly 

 the entire breadth of the halves of the tongue, whose fibres 

 pass in general from the lower surface to the upper. The 

 transverse fibres, derived from the transversus and in part from 

 the stylo-glossus, are inserted as so many, usually somewhat 

 thicker, lamella, between the above named, commencing at the 

 septum and ending at the lateral edges and partly upon the sur- 

 face; the longitudinal fibres, lastly, belong to the lingualis 

 superior [chondro- glossus), the lingualis inferior and stylo- 

 glossus, cover the upper surface, the margin, and in part the 



