THE TONGUE. 23 



of the glosso-pharynyeal nerve in the tongue, and these have 

 been recently subjected by myself (Mikr. Anat. II, 2, p. 32), 

 and by Remak (Mull. Arch., 1852) to a more exact investiga- 

 tion. Remak found such ganglia also upon the branches of 

 the gustatory division of the fifth nerve in the Sheep and Calf, 

 as far as close to the apex of the tongue, though they were 

 smaller and more scanty than those upon the glosso-pharyngeus ; 

 whilst on the other hand, in man, they were wanting upon the 

 thicker branches of the gustatory division of the fifth, and 

 were to be found only as very minute ganglia upon the more 

 delicate internal branches. Remak endeavours to demonstrate 

 some relation between these ganglia and the lingual glands, 

 and draws a functional parallel between them and the ganglion 

 linguale, a view plausible enough, and against which I only have 

 to remark, 1. That ganglia exist not only upon the branches 

 distributed to the mucous membrane, but also upon those passing 

 to the papillae, and in regions of the tongue, (the point) where 

 no glands are found ; and, 2. That the glandular region of 



a single dark-edged fibre in one of these nerves. In other cases, the processes of the 

 ganglia are delicate nerves (of ^"'), which possess a solid sheath, and a single dark- 

 edged nervous fibre inclosed by it. The fine lateral branches of the hemiganglia 

 upon the thicker branches of the nerves present the same appearances. No fibres 

 can ever be traced from a ganglion to the papillae. Another circumstance which 

 speaks against the relation of the ganglia to those fibres of the gustatory nerve which 

 are distributed to the mucous membrane is, that I could never, in spite of every ex- 

 ertion, find ganglia upon the terminal branches of the gustatory nerve of the apex of 

 the tongue of the sheep. I believe that a certain value may be attributed to this 

 negative result, as I never failed to find ganglia upon the other branches of the 

 gustatory nerve, up to within about an inch of the apex of the tdfigue." 



Remak gives, further, the following reasons for believing that the ganglia are related 

 to the mucous glands. " 1. The lingual ganglia always occur in the neighbour- 

 hood of the mucous glands, or of their excretory ducts. 2. That the smaller num- 

 ber of mucous glands in the anterior region of the tongue (in the sheep or calf), cor- 

 responds with the smaller number of ganglia upon the branches of the gustatory nerve. 

 3. That little ganglia exist upon the branches of the gustatory nerve distributed to 

 the maxillary glands, and to the ductus Whartonianus, whilst in man there is the 

 well-known maxillary ganglion. 4. That in the point of the tongue of the sheep, in 

 which he could find no ganglia on the branches of the fifth, there are no mucous 

 glands. 5. That in the walls of the pharynx and larynx, upon which he also found 

 small ganglia on the branches of the glossopharyngeal and superior laryngeal 

 nerves (Med. Zeit., 1840, No. 2), the mucous glands are very numerous. 6. That 

 in the sheep and calf he has observed little ganglia upon the surface of the ductus 

 Whartonianus, which are connected with a plexus of delicate nerves investing the 

 duct."— Eds.] 



