38 TESTIMONY OF CHARLES F. CHANDLER. 



hydrometer and a lactometer which will enable me to explain per- 

 haps more fully the character of the instrument. The instrument 

 at the left is a hydrometer, which is graduated to determine the 

 specific grayity on a unit which represents the specific gravity or 

 comparative weight of water. That instrument, if placed in pure 

 water at a temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit, would sink till it 

 registered the upper mark, which is 1 or 1.000, as we choose to call 

 it. If placed in a liquid lighter than water, it would sink to a 

 greater depth ; if placed in a liquid heavier than water, it would 

 not sink to that depth, and that particular scale represents the com- 

 parative weight of the liquid to the weight of water. If it should 

 sink to a de-pth of the mark near the bulb, 1.035, that liquid 

 would be .035 heavier than water. In other words, a vessel which 

 had contained 1,000 grains of water would contain 1,035 grains of 

 that liquid. 



Q. Now, sir, I see there are a number of lactometers represented 

 upon that diagram ; are there a number of lactometers in use grad- 

 uated at different rates ? A. There are in this city. 



Q. Is there any indication upon the lactometer itself of the rate 

 at which it is graduated ? A. Generally not ; I never saw one. 



Q. Can you tell one lactometer from another ? A. I cannot 

 without testing them. 



Q. Describe these various rates ? A. The second instrument on 

 the diagram is a lactometer which was originally invented by a 

 French chemist by the name of Dinocourt ; he investigated the 

 milk of cows in France and satisfied himself that no cow's 

 milk from a healthy cow ever stood below the specific gravity of 

 1.029. 



Q. State these experiments and investigations, as Chey are known 

 to experts in your science ? A. 1.029 represents the lowest specific 

 gravity of genuine milk ; the instrument is so graduated that the 

 zero point, which means no milk, shall be at the gravity of water ; 

 the 100 point, which means the weakest milk that any healthy cow 

 gives, is placed opposite 1.029 ; if the milk is of a fair quality its 

 gravity will be greater than 1.029, and consequently the lactometer 

 will stand at a point above a 100 ; from 100 to 120 : if the milk 

 is of minimum quality, that is either poor in solids altogether or 

 unexceptionally rich in fat, that is cream, then its gravity will ap- 



