TESTIMONY OF CHAELES F. CHANDLER. 39 



proximate to 100, but in genuine milk from healthy cows the instru- 

 ment will never reach a point below 100 ; in selecting this in- 

 strument for use in testing milk it was necessary to fix the 100 

 mark so that in no sample of genuine healthy milk would the in- 

 strument ever record below 100 ; consequently a margin from 100 

 to 120 has to be granted from the reason that milk is not a uniform 

 fluid ; the milk of one cow differs from the milk of another ; the 

 milk of one cow is heavier than that of another, and consequently 

 it is necessary to fix the 100 mark on the lactometer at the very 

 lowest point, as otherwise the lactometer might pronounce a 

 sample of milk as standing below 100 when it was genuine, 

 healthy cow's milk. The other three instruments are instruments 

 that have been and are to a great extent in use among milkmen 

 in New York city ; the original lactometer introduced into New 

 York had its 100 mark placed at 1.030, and it is the one on the right ; 

 consequently a very light sample of milk might have registered 99 

 upon that lactometer and have been pronounced watered, when on 

 the lactometer originally introduced and which is used by the 

 Health Department it would still have a register above 100 ; many 

 years ago Dr. Chilton of this city investigated this subject. 



(Objected to.) 



Q. Speak of any other lactometer that has been in use ? A. An- 

 other standard was introduced subsequently which placed the 100 

 mark at 1.034, which is very nearly the highest mark of genuine 

 milk, and this of course caused most of the milk furnished by cows 

 to stand below 100 ; it is the instrument which is 3d on the list ; 

 the 100 mark stands opposite 1.034 ; the makers have gradually- 

 dropped their 100 mark to 1.033, consequently the 100 mark on the 

 4th instrument is opposite 1.033 ; that instrument is the one com- 

 monly used by dealers in milk, and in sampling, milk which has a 

 gravity at 60 Fahr. less than 1.033 will be indicated by that hydrom- 

 eter as below 100 per cent, of milk ; the lactometer used by the 

 Health Department employs the lowest standard, the object being 

 that no sample of genuine commercial milk should ever mark on that 

 lactometer less than 100 ; about 16 per cent, of water may be added 

 to milk which marks 120 on the Board of Health lactometer, without 

 bringing it quite down to 100 ; that is a margin of watering which it 

 is impossible to prevent because no matter what method of investi- 



