40 TESTIMONY OF CHARLES F. CHANDLER. 



gation is resorted to, it is impossible to determine within the range 

 from the two extremes of the best milk and the poorest milk ; it is 

 impossible to prove adulteration as long as the adulteration has 

 not carried the sample below the poorest milk that healthy cows 

 produce ; no method of investigation will detect the fraud. 



Q. "Well, now, sir, is it possible to make a lactometer in its 

 appearance exactly like any of these and that in use by the Board 

 of Health, which could not be distinguished from it by its appear- 

 ance, but would register at a far lower rate ? A. It is ; such are 

 made and are in use. 



Q. Now, sir, is this lactometer an accurate instrument for deter- 

 mining the specific gravity of liquids ? 



(Objected to as calling for a conclusion ; objection overruled ; 

 exception.) 



A. There are two methods in common use for determining the 

 specific gravity of liquids ; both depend upon weighing known vol- 

 umes of liquid ; in the one case the balance and the bottle are 

 employed ; in the other case a hydrometer and a cylinder are 

 employed ; in both cases the liquid is actually weighed and in both 

 cases a fixed volume is weighed, and the hydrometer involves less 

 sourcss of error than the use of the balance and the bottle. It is 

 necessary, however, when the hydrometer is constructed, it should 

 be accurately constructed ; but the hydrometer having been con- 

 structed or the lactometer having been constructed, and its accuracy 

 determined, it then gives as accurate a method as there is known 

 for determining the specific gravity of liquids. 



Q. I was about to ask that question whether there is any more 

 accurate method of determining the specific gravity of liquids than 

 by the use of such instruments ? A. There is not. 



Q. Well, now, sir, are you familiar with the literature of milk 

 and its examination, and all the best opinions of the best standard 

 writers, both in this country and others, on this subject ? A. I 

 am. 



Q. And what is the best opinion, according to the best authori- 

 ties, with regard to the use of the lactometer for detecting the 

 watering of milk ? 



(Objected to as incompetent and calling for hearsay evidence ; 

 objection overruled ; exception.) 



