42 TESTIMONY OF CHAELES F. CHANDLER. 



that is within certain limits ; cream and milk are two extremes between 

 which there is no dividing line ; there is no point at which a fluid ceases 

 to be milk and becomes cream or ceases to be cream and becomes milk ; 

 it depends entirely on the extent to which the milk is skimmed ; if 

 one per cent, of all the fat contained in a sample of milk is skimmed 

 from it, it would literally have been skimmed, but it would not be 

 called skimmed milk ; it is only when a considerable portion of the 

 cream has been removed that we have well denned skimmed milk which 

 has a gravity considerably greater than the gravity of original milk 

 and which is thin and watery ; with regard to cream if the cream is 

 so carelessly skimmed that a large proportion of the milk is taken off 

 with it, it would then be very poor cream and might be but little 

 lighter in specific gravity than the original milk ; when I say there- 

 fore that I can distinguish cream from skimmed milk and both from 

 whole milk by the use of the lactometer and the thermometer and 

 my senses, observe I refer only to such specimens as really repre- 

 sent fair average cream, fair average skimmed milk and fair average 

 whole milk ; the natural variations in the milk of cows within the 

 limits above 100 on the lactometer make it impossible to make a 

 sharper line of division between these three different products from 

 the cow. 



Q. Now, sir, as President of the Board of Health you and your 

 associates have directed a number of tests and experiments to be 

 made to determine the reliability of the lactometer ? 



(Objected to.) 



A. We have. 



Q. Have you directed a large number of experiments to be made 

 for the purpose of testing its reliability ? A. I have caused to be 

 made under my direction a number of experiments to determine 

 whether the standard of 1.029 is the proper one for the minimum 

 gravity of cow's milk. 



Q. And at different seasons of the year have you made that? 

 A. At different seasons of the year. 



Q. And in the country as well as in the city ? A. Chiefly in the 

 country, on the Harlem and the Erie Railroads, in Orange county 

 and Westchester county, the dairies which supply New York city 

 with milk, and to a limited extent in the city itself. 



Q. I would be glad that you should explain and relate those 



