TESTIMONY OF CHARLES F. CHANDLER. 51 



you began providing your officers who tested milk with ther- 

 mometers ? A. When we found that the milk dealers of the city 

 had banded together, and had employed counsel to press the Board 

 upon every detail on these points. 



Q. You found that out after the milk dealers had ? A. No, sir ; 

 I do not consider it necessary to use the thermometer now ; we do 

 use it simply because it becomes necessary in these suits to deter- 

 mine the exact specific gravity ; it is not necessary to determine the 

 exact specific gravity in order to determine whether the milk is 

 watered or not. 



Q. Every time that your assistant uses the lactometer he uses 

 the thermometer ? A. He does it simply because he expects to be 

 met in court by captious opposition to this test. 



Q. He does it ? A. He does it, 



Q. How do you use the balances in determining the specific 

 gravity of the solution with which you test your lactometer ? A. 

 I have a delicate little bottle provided with a thermometer and a 

 carefully fitting stopper, so arranged, that I can fill it at any desired 

 temperature absolutely full of pure distilled water ; having first 

 ascertained the exact weight of the empty bottle ; I then fill it with 

 pure water and at the same temperature and weigh it again ; sub- 

 tracting the weight of the empty bottle from the weight of the bottle 

 filled with pure water, I ascertain the exact weight of the water 

 which that bottle holds at the temperature of the experiment which 

 I select, generally a little above the temperature of the atmosphere 

 at the time ; I then fill it with any liquid the specific gravity of 

 which I desire to know ; warm it to the same temperature at which 

 I weighed the water and weigh it again ; there is an overflow pro- 

 vided on the bottle, so that as the liquid expands until it reaches 

 the standard of temperature for the experiment, the excess runs 

 over and is wiped off ; I have then filled my bottle exactly full at 

 say 70 Fahr. with water, and exactly full at 70 degrees Fahr. with a 

 saline solution, having weighed them both upon the balance and on 

 subtracting the weight of the bottle itself from the two weighings I 

 have the comparative weights of pure water and the salt solution ; 

 this is the simplest method of arriving at this result. 



Q. Is that all? A. Yes, sir. 



Q. Now, sir, will you name the authorities to which you referred 



