TESTIMONY OF CHARLES A. GOESSMANN. 55 



Q. This instrument is used in connection with the thermometer ? 

 A. "With the thermometer always. Comparative weights are tested 

 by comparative temperature. 



Q. A moment ago you spoke of this instrument, if I under- 

 stand you rightly, as a balance ; it is so in effect, is it ? A. Yes, 

 sir. 



Q. And sometimes spoken of as such ? A. Yes, sir. 



Q. Now, sir, at what rate of warmth should the test be made by 

 the thermometer ; at what rate of heat or cold ? A. 60 Fahr. is the 

 temperature agreed upon. 



Q. Professor, is the analysis any more accurate method of deter- 

 mining the specific gravity than the lactometer properly used? 

 A. As long as we cannot distinguish between the water which milk 

 contains by nature and the water which is added the analysis can- 

 not form a better proof than the comparative test. As long as the 

 minimum of solids is not fixed and recognized among scientific men 

 I cannot see that analysis can give any more definite result at the 

 present time. 



Q. Well now, sir, in investigations of milk has there been arrived 

 at among scientific men any fixed standard of specific gravity of milk 

 in a normal condition? A. The current of opinion among scientific 

 men is that the average of milk marked varies from 1.029 to 1.033, 

 1.029 being the hundred scale of the lactometer of the Board of 

 Health as far as I understand. 



Q. Well, sir, if milk on the lactometer adjusted at the scale of 

 1.029, at a temperature of 60 Fahr., should mark 90, what would you 

 say? A. I would assume that something lighter than milk had 

 been added. 



Q. If it were commercial milk? A. The most reasonable con- 

 clusion would be water. 



Q. At what rate ? A. About 10 per cent. 



Q. Do yojj. know commercial milk, at what rate it should stand ? 

 A. From 1.029 to 1.033. 



Q. Your reading and preparation for your profession and for 

 these special investigations that you have made, have they embraced 

 the experiments and observations made in France, Switzerland and 

 other countries ? A. I am familiar with the literature. 



Q. And will you now state what the data, the facts and opinions 



