TESTIMONY OF CHARLES F. CHANDLER. 67 



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gravity, a decrease of caseine or of the sugar or of the salts and 

 other things remaining constant would diminish the specific gravity ; 

 in this case it is equivalent to an increase in the percentage of water. 

 Q. Is not the specific gravity of the milk of the same cow milked 

 in the morning different, very often, from the specific gravity of the 

 milk of the same cow milked in the evening ? A. There are differ- 

 ences. 



Q. Are they not frequent ? A. Yes. 



Q. Are they not very considerable in extent ? A. No ; in ex- 

 ceptional cases possibly. 



Q. Now, Doctor, I find here Dairy Number 2, Mr. Blake "White's 

 report ; a cow that in the morning gave milk which stood at 111 at 

 Fahr., and in the evening at 120 and 60 Fahr., is that unusual ? 

 A. I think not. 



Q. What makes the milk heavier in the morning or evening 

 whichever it is ? A. A little difference in the composition. 



Q. When the cow is milked, is not the first half of its milk 

 heavier than the last half? A. It is. 



Q. To what extent ? A. I could not say without referring to my 

 notes ; the strippings are light, the last half of the milk is lighter 

 than the first half. 



Q. How much? A. I do not know. 



Q. Of course it would stand higher on the lactometer ? A. 

 Certainly. 



Q. You testified yesterday that the specific gravity of 1.029 was 

 selected to favor the milkmen ; do you point out how this is so ? A. 

 Because it is fixed at the lowest point at which cows under 

 normal circumstances furnish their milk ; had we fixed it at 1.033, as 

 is done in the lactometer which has long been used by the milkmen 

 themselves, we should have found that a great proportion of the 

 samples of genuine milk would have stood below 100 ; we might 

 still have used this lactometer however, because we could have 

 fixed it at a- point below 100 on the 1.033 lactometer ; we should 

 consider the milk to be watered and could have prosecuted in cases 

 below that point, but it seemed more desirable that the standard of 

 the lactometer should be placed at the lowest point at which genuine 

 normal mixed commercial milk is delivered from the cow, and for 

 that reason where Dinocourt, the original inventor, placed it, at 1.029. 



