TESTIMONY OF CHARLES F. CHANDLER. 71 



lactometer to be tested in a liquid of known specific gravity, and it 

 is a question of convenience whether the known specific gravity 

 shall be ascertained by weighing a portion of the liquid in a bottle 

 against the equivalent quantity of water or by determining it by 

 means of an accurate lactometer or hydrometer ; the use of the bot- 

 tle and the balance involves more sources of error than the use of 

 an accurate hydrometer and thermometer because you have the 

 uncertainties of the balance and the uncertainties of weights and a 

 longer amount of time will be consumed ; I have tested the lactometer 

 by the balance simply because I had no lactometer sufficiently de- 

 tailed in its accuracy over the entire length ; that is simply to make 

 it proper to use it as a standard for comparison, consequently I 

 used the balance and this little bottle with the overflow which gives 

 an absolutely accurate result ; the four lactometers are absolutely 

 accurate at the 100 mark ; they are sufficiently accurate at all other 

 points on the scale for all practical purposes. 



Q. The decrease of the temperature of the milk causes an in- 

 crease of the lactometrical showing, does it not ? A. It does ; the 

 cooler the milk the heavier it is, the warmer the milk the lighter it 

 is. 



Q. What is the scale of that decrease ? A. There is no regular 

 scale ; for instance a sample of milk which at 60 degrees Fahr. 

 stood at 100 on the lactometer, at 66 Fahr. stood at 98, at 80 Fahr. 

 stood at 90, at 100 Fahr. stood at 74, and 44 Fahr. stood at 106 ; 

 now the ratio is different between each of those observations ; for 

 instance, between 44 and 60 the ratio is for every degree of the Fahr- 

 enheit scale, three-eighths of a degree on the lactometer ; between 

 60 and 66, for every degree of the Fahr. scale, it was two-thirds of a 

 degree on the lactometer ; between 66 and 80 for every degree of 

 the Fahr. scale it was .57 of a degree by the lactometer, and from 80 to 

 100 for every degree of the thermometer, it was .8 of a degree by 

 the lactometer ; now, no other sample of milk would probably have 

 shown the same ratio. 



Q. Now, what was the average, Doctor ? A. Well, to make an 

 average, it would not be proper to add those together because 

 they differ ; I can give you the entire stretch from 44 to 100 ; you 

 cannot guess at figures with any certainty in a case like this. 



Q. Will you state whether you agree with Dr. Blake White's 



