TESTIMONY OF CHARLES F. CHANDLER. 79 



innocent should not be condemned with him. The following is the 

 method which seems to us to conciliate all interests, and render 

 possible the daily verification in the largest city. We will take the 

 established regulations in Paris for example : First, the Commis- 

 sioners of Police, or those under their orders, shall make daily 

 visits to the different sellers of milk in wards, and will perform the 

 following operations in less than a minute : a, Take the degree by 

 the lacto-densimeter, and taste the milk. If the degree of the lac- 

 to-densimeter is below 29, having regard to the temperature as we 

 describe, pages 10 to 15, or if the taste or color shows something 

 abnormal, take care not to draw a conclusion from these prelimin- 

 ary trials, unless the vender signs an affidavit acknowledging the 

 fraud, but take a sample of half a litre (a pint) at least of the sus- 

 pected milk, taking care first to render it homogeneous by thorough 

 agitation, and sending it immediately to an expert chemist appoint- 

 ed by the administration. This mode of procedure offers the 

 undoubted advantage of respecting the feelings (dignity) of the 

 merchant, and not to make a seizure, a circumstance always serious 

 unless there exists a strong presumption that the law has been vio- 

 lated. Second, the expert, on receiving the milk, should immediately 

 perform the following operations : a, verify the degree of the lacto- 

 densimeter ; 6, take the degree with the lactoscope ; c, prepare 

 some whey, and take the gravity of the lacto-densimeter ; deter- 

 mine, if necessary, the quantity of milk and sugar with the polar- 

 izing apparatus, or, with the copper test, the quantity of butter 

 after the process of Marchand ; c?, if he is not perfectly satisfied, 

 he should make a complete analysis, if the case is sufficiently im- 

 portant. Third, if the vender, without testing the low figures ob- 

 tained, alleged the milk was just as it was furnished by the cows, 

 the expert must demand, at the risk and peril of the merchant, an 

 examination on the premises. By means of these precautions, 

 easily executed, justice is fairly dealt, and the object we are seek- 

 ing, that of assuring to the consumer a pure milk without adultera- 

 tion, will be obtained. When one has verified, as we have shown, 

 the degree of the lactometer, he knows only the half of that which 

 he should understand." Now, is not that the method used in Paris 

 to test milk ? A. I do not know that that is used in Paris at all. 

 Q. Were you not questioned, yesterday by Mr. Prentice as to 



