TESTIMONY OF CHARLES F. CHANDLER. 85 



of dealing with the question of watering is to assume a perfectly 

 rigid standard of normal milk, and to treat all departures from it 

 as sophistications." 



Q. I ask you to look again at page 41, the passage marked in 

 chapter 9, and read that ? A. In dealing with milk supply on a 

 large scale, we are little concerned with the possibility of single 

 animals giving abnormal milk, and need only concern ourselves with 

 milk of normal quality, all departures from the standard being 

 looked upon as sophistications. 



Q. I ask you from an examination of the tables and the state- 

 ments, and the arguments made in the book of Wanklyn, have you 

 found anything at variance or that refutes the opinion which you 

 have expressed as to the reliability of the lactometer as a practical 

 test of commercial milk in cities, the adulteration of milk by water? 



(Objected to as incompetent ; objection overruled ; exception.) 



A. Not to its use as employed in connection with the other 

 senses by the inspectors of the Health Department. 



Q. Has Mr. Wanklyn a peculiar method which he advocates in 

 this book ? A. He has a peculiar method of analysis. 



Q. You were asked yesterday to give the authorities which di- 

 rectly supported your ^opinion ; are you prepared now to give 

 them ? A. I am prepared ; I have the works here and can read 

 passages from them. 



Q. Mention the works? A. The first is Tardieu, Dictionnaire 

 D'Hygine et de Salubrite, Paris, 1862 ; Parke's Manual of Practical 

 Hyo-iene, London, 1866 ; Watts' Dictionary of Chemistry, London, 

 1865 ; Nouveau Dictionnaire des Falsifications et des Alterations des 

 Aliments, Soubeiran, Paris, 1874 ; Handbuch der Chemie, Gmelin, 

 Heidelberg, 1858 ; Milk in Health and Disease, by Smee, London, 

 1875 ; Jahresbericht der Thier Chemie, Berlin, 1874 ; Zoochemischen 

 Analyse, Gorup Besanez, Brunswick, 1871 ; Handbuch der Sanitats- 

 Polizei, Pappenheim, Berlin, 1870 ; Handbook of Hygiene, Wilson, 

 London, 1873 ; Foods, by Edward Smith, New York, 1873 ; On 

 Food, Letheby, London, 1870. 



Q. The gentleman in the examination of lactometers in the prac- 

 tical experiment yesterday made use of the term which I desire 

 should be explained in accounting for different readings ; please 

 explain the term meniscus ? A. When a liquid is in contact with 



