106 TESTIMONY OF HENEY MORTON. 



Q. As to alcohol are not all its ingredients heavier than the 

 alcohol itself? A. I must still explain ; the word alcohol is used in 

 two senses, to mean (1) a chemical substance alcohol is a compound 

 of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and (2) a mixture of alcohol and 

 water in various proportions ; if I understand you to mean that a 

 chemically pure alcohol is lighter than the mixture of alcohol and 

 water, that is so. 



Q. Is not alcohol lighter than any and all of its adulterants ? 



(Objected to.) 



COUNSEL I propose to show that all modifications of the hydro- 

 meter have a certain peculiarity, which is lacking in the lactome- 

 ter. 



WITNESS I have already explained that in my testimony in 

 chief ; I may mention personally that I anticipate what you are now 

 about to ask me. 



Q. Perhaps you can explain ? A. Chemically pure alcohol is 

 lighter than its ordinary adulterants ; in the case of sulphuric acid, 

 it is heavier than the water with which it is mingled ; in the case 

 however of milk we have a substance as I explained before contain- 

 ing materials both lighter and heavier and therefore varying ; if 

 there were no relation existing in these variations we could deter- 

 mine nothing about it in connection with its gravity ; these rela- 

 tions, however, existing, by finding out the widest range or limit 

 correctly in practice and using this as our starting point we can 

 approximate and obtain a sufficiently accurate determination. 



Q. Then as I understand you the hydrometer and its modifica- 

 tions are strictly accurate as a means of detecting adulterants when 

 applied only to fluids the adulterants of which are either lighter or 

 heavier than the fluids themselves ; is that it? A. That is it. 



Q. Now milk may have an adulteration by water or an adulter- 

 ation by cream, may it not ? A. Certainly. 



Q. Or an excess of cream ? A. It may. 



Q. Now an adulteration by water is an adulteration by some- 

 thing that is lighter than milk itself, is it not ? A. Yes, sir. 



Q. And the adulteration by cream or the presence of excessive 

 cream, that tends to make the milk lighter, does it not ? A. It does 

 to a degree, but cream itself being heavier than water, a great 

 deal of cream must be added to produce a small effect. 



