TESTIMONY OF BENJAMIN SILLIMAN. 127 



other by displacement of the known volume, namely, the instrument 

 floating in the liquid ; neither distinguishes between the water which 

 is normal to the milk and the water which is added to the milk ex- 

 cept in excessive degree. 



Q. And that is the definite test which is common to all methods, 

 is it ? A. I think so, to all methods. 



Q. Will not analysis show more surely the quantity of water con- 

 tained in milk than the lactometrical test? A. You mean chemical 

 analysis ? 



Q. Yes, I mean taking the milk apart ? A. Doubtless a careful 

 chemical analysis is a more accurate means of determining the con- 

 stitution of milk, of which water is one of the factors, than any sight 

 or any other application of the unaided senses. 



Q. Now, in your opinion, when a tradesman is charged with sell- 

 ing .an adulterated article, and the fact is sought to be proved by 

 means of a scientific test so called, should the best possible test be 

 employed ? 



(Objected to ; objection sustained ; exception.) 



Q. By the COURT How long, probably, would it take to analyze 

 carefully a quart of milk? A. According to scientific methods? 



Q. Yes, sir. A. The complete analysis given of a sample of 

 milk would occupy, unless there were a large number of samples 

 done at the same time, it would occupy two days of working time in 

 the laboratory ; understand me, if you please, I should, perhaps in 

 that case propose to establish all the points, to analyze the milk 

 thoroughly. 



Q. You would have to analyze milk if you undertook to find out 

 the per centum of water ? A. No ; we could make a water deter- 

 mination by evaporation in a shorter time. 



Q. By heat ? A. By heat I should say in three hours. 



Q. By COUNSEL In three hours you can demonstrate how much 

 water the milk contains ? A. I should think so. 



Q. It would show the quantity of water which the milk contained, 

 which the lactometer does not ? A. It would show the exact quan- 

 tity of water contained in milk. 



Q. "Will the lactometer show exactly the quantity of water 

 which the milk contains, or is not the same effect produced or a 

 similar effect to a less degree produced upon milk by cream as upon 



