408 PHILOSOPHY OF ZOOLOGY. 



ria, out of the same materials * ." The circumstances 

 which seem to countenance this conjecture, and which 

 are enumerated in the note below, appear, when carefully 



* Phil, Trans, vol. Ixxxix. p. 175. where he adds : ' The following cir- 

 cumstances are in favour of this opinion. The testicles and ovaria are form- 

 ed originally in the same situation, although the testicles, even before the 

 foetus has advanced to the eighth month, are to change their situation to a 

 part at a considerable distance. 



'* The clitoris, in foetuses under four months, is so large as to be often 

 mistaken for a penis. Preparations to shew the size of the clitoris at this 

 age, are preserved in Mr HUNTER'S collection; and M. FERRIEN mentions 

 it, with a view to explain an erroneous opinion that prevailed in France, 

 that the greater number of miscarriages between three and four months 

 have been remarked to be males ; which mistake arose from the above cir- 

 cumstance. 



" The clitoris, originally, appears therefore equally fitted to be a clitoris 

 or penis, as it may be influenced by the ovarium or testicle. 



u In considering this subject, it is curious to observe the number of se- 

 condary parts, which appear so contrived that they may be equally adapted 

 to the organs of the male or female. 



" In those quadrupeds whose females have mammae inguinales, the 

 males have also teats in the same situation ; so that the same bag which 

 contains the testicles of the male, is adapted to the mamma? of the female. 

 In the human species, which have the mammae pectorales, the scrotum of 

 the male serves the purpose of forming the labia pudendi of the female, and 

 the preputium makes the nymphae. The male has pectoral nipples, as well 

 as the female ; and, in many infants, milk, or a fluid analogous to it, is se- 

 creted, which proves the existence of a glandular structure under the nipple. 

 " This circumstance, when added to the instances already related, of an 

 hermaphrodite bull, and of wethers giving suck, affords a strong presump- 

 tion that the rudiments of the mammae exist in the male, and, in some few 

 instances, have been brought to perfection, either by an original mixture of 

 organs, early emasculation, or other changes with which we are unacquaint- 

 ed. 



" If it is allowed that the sex is impressed upon the ovum at the time of 

 impregnation, it may, in some measure, account for the free martin, when 

 two young are to be impressed with different sexes of impregnation ; which 

 must be a less simple operation, and therefore more liable to a partiaj fail- 

 .ure, than when two or any greater number of ova are impressed with the 



