196 PHILOSOPHY OF ZOOLOGY. 



mixed with the drink of the animal, which does not enter 

 the first stomach, but is conveyed directly to the second. 

 From the reticulum, the food is returned in small portions 

 through the gullet to the mouth, to be subjected to masti- 

 cation by the grinders, as when first taken into the mouth, 

 it is transmitted, without chewing, to the paunch. When 

 properly reduced, it is now conveyed through the gullet 

 into the opening of the third stomach. 



The third stomach (omasum), manyplies, tripe or feck, 

 is distinguished by numerous longitudinal folds of its inter- 

 nal coat, varying alternately in breadth, and having their 

 surface closely covered with glandular grains. The food 

 in this stomach now begins to change its character, and 

 emits an offensive odour. 



The fourth stomach (abomasum), read or red, has an 

 internal villous coat, with longitudinal folds. Into this 

 stomach the gastric juice appears to be poured, as it is 

 here that the milk is found curdled in a calf, and this is 

 the only part used as rennet. The food passes from the 

 third into the fourth stomach, by a projecting valvular 

 orifice *. 



The two first stomachs are analogous to the cheek- 

 pouches of some of the apes, and belong exclusively to mas- 

 tication. In the young animal, in which mastication is un- 

 necessary, these stomachs are of small size. The third 

 and fourth are merely full developments of the cardiac 

 and pyloric portions of the stomachs of other quadrupeds. 



* The configuration of the gullet, and mouths of the three first stomachs, 

 by which the food is guided in these different motions, is well exhibited in 

 A drawing of the stomachs of a cow, by Mr CLIFF, published by Sir E. 

 HOME, Phil. Trans. 1806, Tab. xv. xvi., and re-published in Com p. Anat, 

 Tab. xxi. xxii. 



